Material and apparatus. Small orchard; pruning-saw, pruning-knife.

Discuss the pruning of the apple and give the reason for each step. Discuss how a one-year-old tree must be pruned; a two-year-old tree; a five-year-old tree; a mature tree.. How is a low-headed tree formed? When should the head be started? Discuss. Give the advantages and the disadvantages of a low-headed and a high-headed tree.

References

Thomas, "The American Fruit Culturist," pp. 98-109. Waugh, "The American Apple Orchard," chap. ix.