Caecum

The Caecum is a small sac about 2 1/2 inches long and 3 inches wide which forms the blind end of the large intestine and lies-below the colic valve, or entrance of the ileum into the large intestine; it lies in the right iliac fossa in front of the psoas muscle. Just below the colic valve, the appendix opens out from the caescum. It is a small blind process, very often with no lumen at all, about 3 1/2 inches long; it lies behind the caecum, generally pointing upwards and to the left, but the position is very variable.

Ascending Colon

The Ascending Colon (length about 8 inches) is the continuation upwards of the caecum. It lies in the groove between the right psoas and quadratus lumborum, and the front of the right kidney. When it reaches the liver it forms the hepatic flexure by bending at an angle to the left and is continued asThe Transverse Colon (length about 20 inches) which forms a loop across the abdomen. It passes in front of the duodenum and pancreas and behind the stomach; it then passes upwards and backwards until it reaches the base of the spleen, where it forms the splenic flexure by turning sharply downwards and becoming The Descending Colon (length about 6 inches). It lies on the front of the left kidney, then in the groove between psoas and quadratus lumborum. It is covered by coils of small intestine.

Sigmoid Flexure

The Sigmoid Flexure, or iliac and pelvic colons, are the continuation of the descending colon. The latter ends at the iliac crest and is continued as the iliac colon, which crosses the left iliac fossa; then entering the true pelvis crosses over to the right and back to the middle line, where it is continued as the rectum, beginning at the level of the third sacral vertebra.

Rectum

The Rectum is the dilated end of the large intestine, ending in the anal canal, at a point just below the level of the tip of the -coccyx and 1 1/2 inches in front of it. It is an S-shaped organ about 6 inches long, and closely follows the curve of the sacrum. The anal canal is about 1 inch long, and is a slit-like passage passing between the two levator ani muscles, which, joining in the middle line, form the floor of the pelvis.

Digestive Glands

The Digestive Glands consist of the salivary glands, of which there are three pairs ; the liver; and the pancreas.

Parotid Gland

The Parotid Gland, the largest of the three, lies in a hollow just in front of the ear. Above, it reaches up to the zygoma and is intimately associated with the temporo-mandibular joint. Anteriorly, a process of the gland passes forwards over the masseter muscle. It extends as far down as the angle of the jaw and slightly backwards over the sterno-mastoid muscle.

Stenson's duct

The duct (Stenson's) leaves the gland at the anterior border, passes forwards over the masseter, and pierces the buccinator to reach the inside of the mouth.

The facial nerve passes through the parotid gland and in its substance breaks up into branches.