Complicated anomalies are classed in three subdivisions.

1. Heterotaxies (Irepos And Ratiq)

Anomalies important in an anatomical sense, but neither visible externally nor obstructive of any function. In mankind they comprise but one order, namely, lateral inversion of viscera (inversion splanchnique).

2. Hermaphroditism.

3. Monstrosities

Anomalies very considerable in degree, and consisting in a faulty anatomical arrangement greatly deviating from the type of the species, externally visible, and obstructive of one or more functions.

These last are divided into three classes, - into simple, double, and triple. The next division into orders is arranged according to physiological characters; the subdivisions then following, according to tribes, families, and species. Thus, simple monstrosities resolve themselves into three orders:

1. Autosites, in which independent, progressive development is possible. They are capable of thriving for a shorter or longer period extra uterum.

2. Omphalosites, in which mere passive nutrition is effected through the placental circulation. They are altogether very imperfect, more especially in relation to symmetry of the two sides of the body.

3. Parasites; shapeless masses, deficient even in an umbilical cord, adherent to the sexual organs of the mother, and nourished at their cost.

The first order, autosites, is divided into four tribes: the first tribe into two families; ectromeliens, malformations with deficiency of the extremities, with the varieties - phocomele, hemimele, ectromele; and symeliens, fusion of members, with the varieties - symele, uromele, sire-nomele. The second tribe has the single family celosomiens, prolapsus of viscera and imperfect anterior closure, anterior fissure, eventeration, with the varieties - aspalasome, agenosome, cyllosome, schistosome, pleu-rosome, celosome. The third tribe embraces the three families: exence-phaliens, imperfect brain, extra cranium; pseudoencephaliens, slender rudiments of brain, with deficiency of a large proportion of the skull; and anenceplialiens, complete absence of the brain and skull, with their varieties. The fourth tribe resolves itself into families: cyclocephaliens, arrested formation and fusion of nose, eyes, and upper jaw; and otocephalies, approximation and blending of the ears, with arrested development of the base of the skull and brain, and concurrent malformation of the apparatus of mastication - with their varieties.

The second order, omphalosites, has two tribes, with three families and their varieties. The first tribe comprises the two families, para-cephaliens, rudimental head formation, asymmetria and absence of extremities and of many vegetative organs; and acephaliens, complete absence of head, with its varieties. The second tribe has the single family of anidiens, reduction of the entire organism to a membranaceous sac, enclosing various soft formations and sundry bloodvessel ramifications.

The third order, parasites, has the one family zoomyliens, rudimental embryo in the abdomen, in the genitals, etc, with a kind of zoomyle.

Double monstrosities are of two orders.

1. Double autositic monstrosities - fusion of two autosites.

2. Double parasitic monstrosities - union of an autosite with an omphalosite or parasite.

The first order (double autositic) embraces three tribes.

The first tribe subdivides into two families: eusomphaliens, the union of two nearly perfect organisms, each possessed of a normal umbilicus and umbilical cord, with several varieties; and monomphaliens, the union of two organisms having one umbilicus in common, also with several varieties.

The second tribe includes the two families, sycephaliens, fusion of head and trunk; and monocephaliens, two trunks, with one head; with their varieties.

The third tribe contains the two families, sysomiens, single trunk, with double head; and monosomiens, mere vestiges of duplicity about the head; with their varieties.

The second order (double parasitic) comprehends three tribes.

The first tribe has two families: heterotypiens, parasite and autosite united about the umbilical region, with varieties; and heteraliens, with the single species, epiconu, parasitic head upon the vertex (capitis) of the autosite.

The second tribe blends the two families of polygnathiens, imperfect head implanted in the maxillary apparatus of the individual; and poly-meliens (fieXoq, membrum), the parasite consisting solely of extremities and adjuncts; with varieties.

The third tribe has but one family, the endocymiens, a parasite enclosed within the autosite.

The triple monstrosities admit of the same distinction as the double, namely, into triple autositic and triple parasitic.

The doctrine of the two Geoffroys, respecting malformation, frequently errs in their having neglected to adopt for its basis the natural laws of development. The system is even not devoid of logical inaccuracies, nor sufficiently compendious for practical use.

Another well-known German classification is that of Gurlt. He divides malformations, generally, into the three classes of malformation in one body, or simple monstrosities (monstra simplicia or unicorporea); double or twin monstrosities (m. duplicia or bigemina); and threefold or trigeminal monstrosities (m. triplicia or trigemina).

The first class is divided into six, and, including hermaphrodite forms, into seven orders.

1. Malformation from deficiency of parts.

2. From minuteness of parts.

3. From preternatural fissure.

4. From non-perforation and from fusion of parts (atresia and symphysis).

5. From preternatural form and site.

6. From extraordinary number of parts.

7. Hermaphrodites.