plexity of even these in their actual integration is the impressive contribution. Of all the "primitive"psychologies of recent years, the glandular psychology is the most illuminating. The glands of internal secretion are notable for their varied influence on growth and behavior; the externally secreting glands are no less important, with their distinctive connection with the several divisions of the autonomic nervous system. We have a rich documentation that mind and body are of one organic "conditioning," which is more correctly a"dispositioning" appearing in temperament, and through temperament in career. That gland deficiency may precipitate gross mental incapacity, that excessive glandular functioning induces emotional and "rational" disturbances - all this gives "physiological psychology" an intimacy and scope of meaning available to no previous generation. Such suggestions as that the new (biologically) pons or great cable of connection between big and little brain, makes possible the amazing skill of the human organism in acrobatic posture and manual dexterity; that the overgrowth of the neo-pallium, displacing and replacing the rhinen-cephalon or "olfactory brain" of lowlier creatures, conditions the human rational stage of behavior - these are but glimpses of the endless script of the affairs of mind, legible in the partially deciphered characters, gross and fine, of the nervous system.

Such knowledge affords data tor a version more profound than is yet available of the neurological romance. It is this plot that found popularity in "Why We Behave Like Human Beings." In recognition of this directive approach, our present era may be said to find its focal expression in the neurological concept of behavior. Such a conjunction is vital to modern psychology.

In continuing the genealogy according to the records, we find the first experimental studies in the field of sensation modeled on physical concepts. E. H. Weber discovered the variable sensibility of the skin by showing that a pair of compass points pressed on the finger tips, separated by an eighth of an inch, could be felt as two, but had to be separated three times as far on the back of the hand to get the same effect. Thus it is found that the fine discrimination of the human hand, along with the delicate guiding movements of trained muscles, is the physiological basis of skill. We carry a complete psychic map of our sensory and motor equipment. That is the biological interest in these early discoveries. Their academic pursuit led to the formulation of the psycho-physic law, the real interest of which is that it proves a psychological relativity. By endlessly patient lifting of weights to determine which was heavier as the differences were reduced, it was determined that an additional ounce in a pound felt as much heavier as an additional two ounces in two pounds. Such investigation played a leading part in Wundt's program and led to studies of the reaction times of mental processes, to studies in attention and association, in perception and apperception. The psychophysical interlude absorbed the academic mind; but its net issues were not momentous. It neglected physiological interpretations though it enriched the experimental technique, which was destined to become an important factor in the equipment for psychological research. It was essential that psychology should become experimentally minded. How the mind gets its data has since become the indispensable starting point for all psychology.

The genetic viewpoint has a closer relation to the interpretations that go to make the psychology of to-day; but the progress of thought that is its history has diverse origins. Its two foci are the child mind and the animal mind; its body of doctrine constitutes comparative psychology. Studies in animal behavior are as old as zoological interest; they were not systematized until close to the experimental period. They were preceded by anecdotal accounts of rare intelligence in animals, at times fantastically interpreted with a humanized slant; but analysis was lacking. Animal psychology is entitled to a place of esteem in the renaissance of psychology on several counts. It offers the most strictly objective procedure. It studies an organism as a whole; it surveys varied types of mind, all specialized, but on far simpler patterns than the human; the conditions of study can be fairly well controlled, and the observations repeated and confirmed. It illuminates the process of learning, for animals are trainable; it indicates more clearly what is inherent and what is acquired; it makes definite the concept of stimulus and response.

It is not accidental that the behavioristic (in the liberal sense) and the Gestalt psychologists should find their fundamental data in animal behavior. The results are as important in showing what animals cannot do as in demonstrating their intelligent capacities. That the human response should be interpreted as far as possible on the animal pattern has become an established principle; but it is equally important to set forth the superiorities and differences of the human solutions. We know more of how we came to behave like human beings from the study of the contrasts and limitations of animal behavior than from any other single source. The psychological interest grows as we approach the nearest of kin and study the "Almost Human"behavior of the anthropoid apes, which Yerkes describes. Anthropoid psychology, in the main, is a contribution of one or two decades. It proceeds upon the combined clues of physiology, evolution, the growth processes, and the differential functions of the highest nerve centers. It forms a brilliant example of scientific psychology and brings psychological concepts into the biological field. Dunlap, aiming at a rigidly scientific conception, regards psychology as psycho-biology.

A comment upon the place of "animal psychology" in the psychological renaissance of the twentieth century is particularly in point. There the biological trend in interpreting the domain of mind appears most command-ingly, and from there it has spread to other problems and has determined, above all else, the general point of view from which the entire field of mental phenomena shall be approached. Recent advances in the concept of the units and varieties of behavior shape the working principles of the modern psychologist; they apply from reflexes to personality. Without the illumination of studies in animal behavior, the correct approach to the study of human behavior would have been impossible. By no expansion of the movement that founded the Wundtian type of laboratory would the illuminating views of human response have been possible. The convergence of the experimental method and the biological viewpoint made modern psychology.1