Vogt has certainly gone much farther. He perceives in hypnotic experiments a possible means of arriving at psycho-logical results of a more universal character. Two conditions are necessary for a hypnotic state to be suitable for this purpose; (1) The subject, in order to present as high a degree of suggestibility as possible, must be thrown into as deep a sleep as is compatible with the removal at pleasure of this sleep-inhibition; 1 (2) there must be a preservation of the waking state within a certain compass, so as to facilitate self-observa-tion on the part of the subject. These conditions are best satisfied by that systematic partial preservation of the waking state, which, while affording a thorough waking state for all those elements of consciousness that appertain to the special experiment, causes a deep sleep for all others. In addition to this, Vogt further recommends the normal waking state in which there is a single realized suggestion; that is to say, a partial systematic state of disassociation. He obtains the systematic partial preservation of the waking state either by partially waking the subject from a general sleep or by putting him partially to sleep.

And he does not even think it either practical or desirable to procure deep sleep, since a lighter degree will give us conditions more advantageous than are to be had in the waking state. Here a state of contracted consciousness, in which the only noticeable thing is a marked dulness in response to any commotion, is quite sufficient. By concentrating his attention, a hypnotic, while in these states, is capable of making a very different analysis of mental processes to that which would otherwise lie in his power. Thus, Vogt thinks that we are better able in these states to concentrate our attention on the problem that has to be analyzed in complicated mental processes than we should otherwise be; if, for example, a tuning-fork is struck we first hear a composite, not a simple, sound; we further feel a tension in our ears, an agreeable or disagreeable feeling, our frame of mind is affected, respiration altered, other organic sensations take place, we may perhaps be able to fix associations called up by the sound, etc., etc. Ail these phenomena require analyzing, but that can only be done by concentrating the attention on one phenomenon at a time to the exclusion of all others.

It would be difficult to find a better way of doing this than by employing a state of partially preserved wakefulness, systematically maintained.

1 By sleep-inhibition Vogt means the inhibition produced by sleep; this might easily prove misleading, since according to the ordinary rules of etymology sleep-inhibition would mean the inhibition of sleep.

That is the way in which Vogt has made a qualitative analysis of feeling. Wundt, in consequence of his more recent researches, has now rejected the generally accepted notion that our feelings may be classified as those of like and dislike. In his opinion, where phases of feeling are concerned the differentiation lies not merely between like and dislike, but between excitation and inhibition, tension and relaxation as well. Vogt now thinks that Wundt's view is substantiated by the self-observations of hypnotic subjects. According to Vogt, there are two couples of qualities, the one "agreeable and disagreeable," the other "elevating, exhilarating, buoying up, relaxing, depressing, saddening." He calls the latter accentuation of feeling sthenic, in contradistinction to the hedonistic form. In one of Vogt's subjects, the feeling of tension released a certain feeling of volition. Vogt thinks that he is able to . refute the charge that he suggested the analysis to the hypnotized subject in this case by the fact that he was originally an opponent of Wundt's method of analysis, of which he only became an adherent in consequence of the analyses made by hypnotics.

Certainly this would not suffice to refute' that objection, which, moreover, may also be raised with regard to analyses made in the normal waking state. It would then have to be proved that the subject experimented on had no notion of Wundt's analysis, and could not receive, either by word or sign from any one present, any intimation of that analysis. Lcewenfeld has raised the further objection, that many of the states used by Vogt in these analyses and ascribed by him to hypnosis have nothing to do with that condition. Vogt, by including all mental states in which unemotional suggestions are carried out, gives far too wide a meaning to the concept hypnosis. This objection of Loewenfeld's is fully justified. According to Loewenfeld, Vogt also exaggerates the value of hypnosis as a means of psychological research, in that he fails to give due consideration to the question of the possibility of the persons concerned acquiring the power of making such analyses solely by learning and practising the art of observing, without any hypnotic measures being necessary. Finally, we should, according to Loewenfeld, still have to decide whether the analyses, as made by Vogt's subjects, apply generally, or only to the few persons whom they concern.

Certainly some of the objections are justified; at least, they have not yet been refuted by Vogt. Consequently, we must leave the question, whether valuable analytical results have as yet been obtained by means of hypnosis, as provisionally unanswered. But we certainly have no right to reject the method as such; we must, on the contrary, admit that further investigation is called for.

We have to take up the same standpoint in respect to other investigations; such, for example, as those of Ach, who, prompted by Vogt's works, has investigated the capabilities of persons in the state of contracted consciousness about which I spoke on page 139. The performances of the dream-dancer, Magdeleine G., led F. E. Otto Schultze to submit her to a series of acoustic, psychological, and aesthetic investigations. In this way Schultze was going to examine the chief elements of music and speech separately, and to endeavour to obtain, by psychological experiments in tone-perception, an answer to the question whether all reactions present the same conformity to law in hypnosis that they do in normal life. But the value of the experiments is very considerably discounted by the fact that we are unable to decide what was due to training and what was spontaneous on the part of the subject. Several investigators, Farez and Vogt in particular, have investigated the hypermnesia of hypnotics psychologically. Vogt studied associations in this way, and thinks that associations, for which the connecting link is wanting in waking life, may be explained by increased power of memory in hypnosis.