Dubois erroneously calls the milder cerebral neuroses, such as hysteria, phobias, neurasthenia, etc., "psycho-nevroses" (psychoneuroses). As is well known, the word "psychoneu-roses" had long ago been used by Griesinger and others to indicate functional or severe mental disturbances or psychoses (Vesanien), so that if it were employed for other conditions it would lead to a most horrible confusion. Dubois deals also with psychiatry in a deprecating way, although he does not appear to have studied the subject closely; for he mentions things as his views which have been recognized by the asylum doctors for a century, or which have been disproved by them long ago. According to Dubois, conviction enters through the front-door of the mind, while suggestion enters by the back-door. This sounds very pretty as an attempt to blacken the doctrine of suggestion; but the entrance-doors through the senses are in reality the same for both. And when the hypnotist tells his patient openly and honestly, as all of us do, that he acts on his hypocon-scious brain activity in order to cure his illness, he is more truthful toward the patient than if he acts as if the latter did not exist, and pretends to speak solely to the patient's reason and freewill. It is absolutely false for the hypnotist to speak in this way, since he really acts by means of suggestion. I wish to bring this home to Professor Dubois. Dubois writes the following, for example: "Quoi de plus absurde que de s'endormir en plein jour; alors qu'on n'a aucun besoin de sommeil, en cedant betement a l'injonction d'un hypnotiseur." He continues to abuse in this style those who have taught him. Why on earth should it be absurd to be put to sleep for half an hour during the day if one is nervously excited, as long as one is composed thereby, and as the night sleep and the steadiness of the nerves can be restored ? According to Dubois, the condition of sleep is "stupidity" (see p. 17S of Dubois' work). I wonder whether he goes to sleep ! A little later on he states that one should rely on one's reason and watch the condition of one's mind, in order to avoid autosuggestions - that this is better than being able to be cured by suggestion. We certainly do rely on our reason, but we do not cure autosuggestions in this way alone. And it is absolutely false to insinuate that we render people leas reasonable and more suggestible by therapeutic hypnotizing. On the contrary, we remove pathological brain dynamisms, and thus render the will and reason freer. Dubois, in his one-sided bias, goes so far as to apply the term "thaumaturges" (conjurers) to his hypnotizing colleagues, and to state that be regards the show-hypnotist Krause as being more instructive than the hypnotizing medical practitioners. I do not know with which of the latter he has become acquainted, nor why he imitates such stupid people as we are.

There is one sentence of Dubois' which I cannot withhold from my readers: "L'emotion est psychologique, et non physio-logique; elle est intellectuelle et non somatique." He has even had :this nonsense printed in italics, and at the same time he professes to be a monist, as if a monist could recognize something psychological which does not correspond to a physiological brain activity.

According to Dubois "a true savant, an intellectual being, may be neurasthenic, but cannot be hysterical," because the hysterical are never logical. I protest. There are some extremely logically-thinking, gifted hysterical persons.

Again, in melancholia he finds the most characterized psychosis; and yet he allows a melancholic to remain at large because "he is a foreigner," with the result that he may kill himself. He regards hypochondriasis as being nearly related to melancholia. It is certain that there is hardly a single asylum doctor of experience who would endorse this opinion.

Dubois employs the suggestive cure for constipation as the most typical action of his psychotherapy in almost the same way in which I used to do this, and dares to abuse and laugh at the hypnotizing practitioners from whom he has learned this. In this he again uses his pet word " persuasion " in opposition to "suggestion." But it is just in this that every one who has understood what I have written, who is acquainted with the matter, who has read Dubois' book, and who is not prejudiced, must realize at once that Dubois' persuasion is precisely the same thing as suggestion. He mentions, for example, one patient whom he had cured of constipation. This patient feared that he might have a relapse, because mid-European time had been introduced into Switzerland, and the altered time might interfere with the methodical time of his daily motion. This patient is supposed to have been cured of his constipation by means of persuasion, and not by means of suggestion!

I must apologize to my reader if I have detained him too long with Dubois' psychonevroses and his traitement moral, hut it was absolutely necessary. Dubois and his book, as well as the manner of belittling hypnotism and those who deal with it honestly, and of boasting in the same breath of a " psychotherapy," are all becoming one of the well-known fashionable complaints which, unfortunately, attack medicine so frequently. This " psychotherapy " is only a piracy of the doctrine of suggestion, which is frequently a very bad imitation, and is also mostly incomplete.

One has to analyze very exactly and to individualize to discover what the form of the original disturbance is which lies behind the manifold neuropathological phenomena; whether hysterical dissociation, hypochondriacal conception of impulse, epileptic constitution, psychosis, or even an organic cerebral disturbance, take part in the process; how much is acquired and how much inherited; what part the real exhaustion of the nerve centers play; and so on. One must proceed in accordance with what one finds.