Lemon-peel or rind is added to stomachic tinctures and infusions, and is particularly applicable in dyspepsia, arising from irregularities in diet, and the inordinate use of ardent spirits.

1 For an account of this acid, vide Acidum Citricum among the Preparations,

The essential oil is chiefly used as a perfume, to cover the smell of sulphur in ointments compounded with it.

Officinal preparations.-Of the juice, Syrupus Limonum, L.E.D. Acidum Citricum, L.D. Infusum Aurantii comp. L. D. Infusum Gentianae comp. L. D. Of the rind, Aqua Citri medicae, E.

2. Citrus Aurantium.1 C. vulgaris oleum.

Officinal. Aurantium, flores, aurantii oleum, Lond. Aurantii cortex, Lond. Cortex, succus, Edin. Fructus, succus, tunica exterior, flores, folia, Dub. The flowers, fruit, and outer rind of the Seville orange.

Syn. (Immature fruit,) Fruit verts d'orange (F.), Unreife Pomeranzen (G.),

Pomeransknopp (Swed.), Collungie pullum (Tarn.), Jeroc manis (Malay),

Jeruklegi (Jav.), Panneh dodang ( Cyng.) Usi ( Celebes).-( Ripe fruit and its rind,)

Orange, Ecorce d orange (F.), Pomeranzen baum, Pomeranzenschuske (G.),

Aranoio (I.), Naranja (S.), Narenj (H.), Nagaranga (San.).

The orange-tree is a native of India and Persia, but it is now abundantly propagated in the south of Europe and the West India islands, and is also found in our green-houses. There are two varieties; one is the sweet orange, the other is the Seville or bitter orange, Citrus vulgaris. In its general appearance the orange resembles the lemon tree, but the leaves, which are not so large as those of the lemon, and more pointed, are entire, smooth, and furnished with wings or appendages on the footstalks, by which it is particularly distinguished. The flowers, like those of the lemon, appear all the summer, are large, white, odorous, and arise from the smaller tranches upon simple and branched pedicles. The parts of the flower resemble closely those of the lemon. The fruit is globular, rough, and of a deep reddish-yellow or orange colour; internally divided into nine cells, filled with a vesicular pulp, and each containing from two to four seeds. The rind, like that of the lemon, is double: the exterior thin and glandular; the interior thick, whitish, and fungous.

Both sweet and Seville oranges are imported chiefly from Spain, in chests, and packed in the same manner as lemons.

Qualities.-The fresh flowers of the orange impart to water distilled with them their peculiar fragrance. It is now officinal in the London Pharmacopoeia as well as the Dublin. (See Preparations, Part iii.) The juice of the Seville orange, Citrus vulgaris, is a grateful acid liquor, with a slight degree. of bitterness. It consists of nearly the same principles as the juice of the lemon; with a smaller portion, however, of citric

1 Aurantia forte a. corticis colore, qui colore auri relucet, ut aurea mala vere nominari possunt: sive ab Arantia oppido dicta, veteribus ignota, insitione ad nos devenerunt. Bauhin. Pin. p. 436, .. . .. . . . • acid. The juice of the sweet orange is less acid and free from bitter. The exterior rind has a very grateful aromatic odour, and a warm bitter taste, depending on the essential oil contained in its vesicles. Both the bitter and aromatic parts are extracted by water and alcohol, and the essential oil can be obtained by distillation. The unripe fruit of Citrus vulgaris, named in common Curacoa orange, has the aromatic flavour of the rind with a greater degree of bitterness, both of which it retains when dried. The Curacoa oranges vary in size from that of a pea to that of an acorn. The distilled water has the grateful perfume of the flowers.

Medical properties and uses.-The juice of the Seville orange is employed in the same diseases, and with the same intentions, as lemon-juice, but it is not so generally used. The sweet orange is used in the same cases. The rind is a useful stomachic, carminative, and tonic, and is a common addition to bitter infusions in dyspepsia. In gout it is joined with magnesia and alkalies; and when the cinchona does not sit easily upon the stomach, it is a most useful adjunct to that remedy in whatever form administered. It has also been given alone in intermittents with seeming advantage.1 The oil is only used as a perfume : but it may be added to bitter infusions as an oleo-saccharum.

The dried unripe fruit (Aurantium curassaventium) is employed as an internal remedy in the same cases as the rind of the ripe orange. It is, however, more commonly used as a mechanical irritant in issues; for which purpose the smaller fruit is selected, and generally made round and smooth in the turning lathe. It is preferred for this purpose on account of its odour only, for the heat and moisture of the part in which the orange is lodged swells it as much as the com-mon pea; and, therefore, it requires to be renewed once in twenty-four hours.

The usual dose of the dried rind, and of the Curacoa orange, is from grains x. to 3j., which are given three or four times a day.

Officinal preparations.-Of the juice, Succus Cochleariae comp, E. Of the rind, Infusum Aurantii compositum, L. Infusum Gen-tianae comp. L. E. D. Tinctura Aurantii, L.D. Tinctura Cinchonae comp. L. E. D. Tinctura Gentianae comp. L. D. Spiritus Armo-racice comp. L. D. Syrupus Aurantii, L. D. Confectio Aurantii, L. E. D. Aqua Citri Aurantii, E. Aqua forum Aurantii, L.

3. Citrus Limetta Bergamium. Officinal. Bergamii oleum, Lond. Oil of bergamotte.

1 Murray's. App. Med. vol, iii. p. 289. Y 3

This species of Citrus has pyriform fruit of a pale yellow colour, with concave vesicles, and a slightly acid aromatic, agreeable pulp. The bark of the fruit when distilled yields the volatile oil known by the name of bergamotte.

Qualities.-This oil is limpid, of a very pale straw colour; has a very agreeable odour, and a bitter pungent taste.

Medicinal properties and uses.-The oil of bergamotte possesses the same excitant properties as the other volatile oils, for which it may be substituted. It is chiefly employed as a perfume. The reason for introducing it into the pharmacopeia is not very obvious.