Again, he says: "I charge and shall undertake to prove--nay, I shall prove, for it is true, and I have the evidence--that the regular medical profession, in all of its standard authorities, text-books and schools, and in all its current periodicals, and in all of its floating literature, and in all of its history, and in all the lectures of its living authors, teaches:

1. A False Doctrine of the Nature of Disease.

2. A False Doctrine of the Action of Remedies.

3. A False Theory of Vitality. 4 A False Theory of the Vis Medicatrix Naturae.

5. A False Doctrine of the Relations of Disease and the Vis Medicatrix Naturae.

6. A False Doctrine of the Relations of Remedies to Disease.

7. A False Doctrine of the Relation of Disease to the Vital Functions.

8. A False Doctrine of the Relations of Remedies to the Healthy Structures.

9. A False Theory of the Relations of Organic and Inorganic Matter.

10. A False Doctrine of Diseases in Relation to their Causes and Effects.

11. A False Doctrine of the Law of Cure.

12. A False Doctrine of the Nature and Source of Remedies." --The True Healing Art, p. 24-25.

Jennings introduced the principle of evolution into pathology. This appears all the more remarkable when it is realized that this was several years before Darwin's Origin of Species resulted in the acceptance by the scientific world of evolution as a working principle in nature.

These two principles--Orthopathy and Evolution--constitute a new solvent cast into the alembic of the world's thought and are destined like a chemical solvent, to bring about the disintegration of those old crystalizations of ancient fallacies that are necessarily so barren and unfruitful. These two principles serve to co-ordinate and vivify the many important discoveries in the fields of biology, physiology, pathology and etiology during the past few centuries. They end that state of doubt and uncertainty in which the whole medical world has floundered for ages.

We are often reminded that science is searching for some new and all-important development which will coordinate and vivify the many important discoveries which have oeen made during the past century and a half. This unifying work can only be accomplished by a recognition of the principle of Orthopathy in the manifestations of "disease" and of the principle of unity and evolution in the development of pathology. The old cave-man conceptions must be forever abandoned. Only in the Hygienic principles can the spirit of truth be found.

Unfortunately, early ideas, when woven into the texture of medical systems, are not given to lose their vitality with increasing age. Medical practices are based, not on biological and physiological principles, but upon ancient fallacies about disease and cure. Trall said: "The only foundation *.** of a true medical science, is correct physiological principles and here is precisely where the whole orthodox medical system utterly and totally fails." "It has no physiological science upon which to practice the Healing Art."--Hydropathic Encyclopedia, Vol. 1, p. 33.

We may, with complete justice, use the following words of Trall in reference not only to the drugging schools, but with reference to the drugless schools which have since arisen; for except that they tend to reject drugs, they are all heteropathic: "There are but two medical systems in existence, the Drug-Medical System and the Hygienic Medical System. One employs poisons as the proper and natural remedies for disease; the other employs normal or hygienic materials and agencies."--True Healing Art. p. 20-21.

Herward Carrington has indeed paraphrased Trall's words and includes the drugless schools when he says: "there are, broadly speaking, two and only two schools of healing in the world; the Hygienic, on the one hand, and every other school, sect, or system on the other. No matter what the physician may be--Allopath, Homeopath, Osteopath, Eclectic, Faith-Curist, Mind-Curist, Christian Scientist, or what not, he is not a Hygienist, in that he does not know the real cause and cure of disease. The theory, or the philosophy of disease which the Hygienist defends is totally opposed to all other medical systems, being directly opposite to them in theory."-- Vitality, Fasting and Nutrition, p. 4.

It is not to be expected that such a radical departure from all past principles and practices found a ready acceptance, especially in the ranks of the professionals. It is unfortunately true that those "interested" men, who having studied long and carefully the erroneous systems then and now in vogue, and found them both "honorable" and profitable in practice, even if not very satisfactory otherwise, are unwilling to acknowledge their errors and the futility of their labors and abandon these for the truth.

The principles and practices promulgated by Jennings, Graham, and Trall, were chiefly combatted, not from any inherent error they were believed to contain, but simply because they ran in direct opposition to the older and more primitive conception of the nature and origin of disease, which, formulated in systems, and elaborated in books, had come to be received as an article of unquestioning faith by cultured and uncultured alike.

Indeed, Graham, Jennings, Trall, Walter and others had their difficulties. In August 1847, Jennings published his Defense and Appeal, so strong was the persecution directed against him. Trall's death was not due to old age or to "disease" so much as it was to slow starvation and his desertion by his family after his failure in business. The medical profession succeeded in keeping most would-be students, living in New York City, out of his school. However, the real blow struck when his son, Russel T. Trall, Jr. M. D., business manager of the Florence Heights Institute, died of smallpox, about 1876 or 1877.

Efforts to discredit Graham began immediately upon the heels of his first series of lectures in 1833. He had delivered a series of lectures on the causes, prevention and "cure" of spasmodic or Asiatic Cholera. Shortly thereafter an epidemic of cholera spread over the U. S., and Canada. The doctors, bakers, butchers, wine merchants, etc., spread the story that the Grahamites were dying like flies, of cholera. Doctors rushed into print with stories of death from cholera in his followers.

Graham returned to New York and made a most searching investigation of the matter. Mr. Goodell, editor of the Genius of Temperance Journal, had preceded him with an exposure of the lies spread by the above groups with an interest in sickness. Not a single Grahamite had cholera. The physician who had been loudest in shouting that the Grahamites were dying like flies of cholera actually denied that he had made the statement. He was unable to point to a single case of the disease or to a single death from cholera in a Grahamite. Graham's first challenge to the disease trades had been met with a whirlwind of lies and Graham made them swallow their lies; although this did not deter them from further lies and furious opposition to the truths he announced.

Although Graham was a preacher and many preachers of high standing were allied with him in his reform work; because he declared disease to be man's own creation and not a punishment sent by God, the many religious people denounced him as an infidel. "Every man makes his own health", as Horace Mann, who espoused Grahamism, expressed it. This doctrine was referred to as Graham's "heaven-daring infidelity". The idea that "every man is the keeper of his own health" was declared to be "nonsense" and "impiety". Did not the Bible declare that sickness and health come from God? that "in His hands are the issues of life?". Graham replied that "it is the fashion to appeal to the Bible to justify intemperance as well as other vices". Shryock thinks, because of their stand against bad habits, Grahamism was a "sublimated puritanism".