As has been stated many times in the course of this presentation, the most striking feature of proteid metabolism is the rapidity with which large quantities of proteid consumed as fond are broken down, and the contained nitrogen eliminated from the body as urea. A few hours will suffice to accomplish the more or less complete destruction of food proteid; and any theory of proteid metabolism, to be at all satisfactory, must explain this peculiar phenomenon. According to recent investigations, it seems probable that some, at least, of the cleavage products of proteid formed during intestinal digestion are not built up into new proteid, but are at once eliminated mainly in the form of urea, without becoming a part of either the so-called circulating proteid, or the living protoplasm of the body. It will be recalled that under the influence of the digestive enzymes, trypsin and erepsin, proteid foodstuffs may be broken down while undergoing in-tartinaj digestion into monamino- and diamino-acids, such as leucin, tyrosin, arginin, lysin, etc. A certain proportion of thrse comparatively simple substances may be directly absorbed by the portal circulation and carried to the liver, where they may undergo conversion into urea. In this way, some portion of the nitrogen of the ingested food may be quickly eliminated from the system. As has been stated in another connection, we are not sure at present how far proteid decomposition of the kind indicated takes place normally in the body. We merely know that there are present in the intestine, enzymes capable of splitting up proteid into these small fragments, and that substances of this type when made to circulate through the liver are transformed into urea. These facts, coupled with the well-known tendency of the nitrogen of proteid food to appear in the excretions a few hours after the food in question has been consumed, naturally suggests a direct breaking down of proteid along the lines indicated, with a possible retention of a carbonaceous residue (nitrogen-free) for subsequent oxidation, as a source of energy for heat or work. Obviously, all of the proteid food cannot behave in this manner, for if such were the case there would be no proteid available for making good the normal waste incidental to tissue changes. Either a certain amount of proteid escapes this profound alteration produced by the proteolytic enzymes in question, or else a certain proportion of these simple decomposition products is synthesized in the intestine, or in the tissues of the body, to form new proteid for the regeneration of cell protoplasm. However this may be, we have presented in this view a plausible explanation of the prompt appearance of food nitrogen in the excretions, and without compelling belief in a theory, such as Pflüger's, which taxes one's credulity to the utmost. To be sure, as a prominent writer on physiology has recently said, such a view stands opposed to our conceptions of the importance of proteid food; but it seems possible, in the light of accumulating knowledge, that our conceptions of the part played by proteid foods in the nutrition of man have not been strictly logical, or quite in accord with true physiological reasoning.

Again, in this connection, we may ask the question, why is it that the body provides such an effective method for the speedy breaking down of proteid food and the prompt elimination of the contained nitrogen? Whatever the means made use of by the organism in accomplishing this, the result is the same; the nitrogen of the ingested food is, in large measure, quickly gotten rid of. We clearly recognize the all-important position of proteid foods in the nutrition of the body, but there appears a certain inconsistency in this prompt removal of the nitrogen-containing portion of the proteid molecule. The nitrogenous part of the proteid food is, physiologically considered, the all-important part. It is the only source of nitrogen available to the system, and yet apparently the larger proportion of this nitrogenous material is not utilized in any recognizable way, but is eliminated as quickly as possible. Is it not within the limits of possibility that these methods, whatever may be the exact mechanism involved, are merely a means of getting rid of a surplus of proteid for which the body has no real need? This question I shall try to answer later on in another connection, but we may advantageously keep this possibility in mind while we are discussing these theories of proteid metabolism.

It is obvious, in the light of present knowledge, that there must be a certain amount of true tissue proteid broken down each day, independent of that larger metabolism coincident with the intake of proteid food. However much this more voluminous proteid katabolism may fluctuate, owing to variations in the intake of proteid, and whatever the significance of this latter phase of metabolism, it is self-evident that there must be a steady, constant metabolism, upon which the life of the various tissues and organs of the body depends, and by which the proteid integrity of the tissue cells is maintained. This implies a certain degree of true tissue change, in which definite amounts of proteid material are broken down and the resultant loss made good from the proteid intake. No matter what specific name be applied to this form of proteid katabolism, its existence is clearly recognized. It is obviously a form of metabolism distinct, and probably quite different, from that form, more variable in extent, which is associated with the intake of proteid food. Plainly, if there is truth in these statements, there should be some data available by means of which these two lines of proteid katabolism can be more or less sharply differentiated.