This section is from the book "Vital Factors Of Foods - Vitamins And Nutrition", by Carleton Ellis, Annie Louise Macleod. Also available from Amazon: Vital Factors Of Foods: Vitamins And Nutrition.
FATS | ANIMAL PRODUCTS | |
SUBSTANCE | REFERENCE | REMARKS |
Beef fat | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 30, 379, 1916. | 18 % beef fat in diet induced far better growth than lard, but inferior to butter-fat. |
Beef oil | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 20, 379, 1915. | 6% oil more effective than 18% fat, but inferior to corresponding amount of butter oil |
Halliburton end Dmmmond, J. Physiol. 51, 236, 1917. | Confirm Osborne and Mendel as to presence of A. | |
Butter-fat | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 15, 311, 1913. | 18% of butter-fat in diet induces good growth in rate over long periods. |
Osborne and Mendel, J. Bid Chem. 16, 423, 1913-14. | ||
Osborne and Mendel. J. Biol. Chem. 17, 401, 1914. | ||
Osborne end Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 20, 379, 1916. | Secured good growth over long periods with 1% or 3% butter-fat in diet, but eventually anmali declined unless amount | |
Osborne end Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 649, 1920. (See also Mendel, N. Y. State J. Med. 20, 212, 1920; J. Am. Med. Ass. 75, 668). | 0.1 g. (1.0-1.4% of diet) enables rata to reach adult size before they snow lack of A, but eventually they decline. It has repeatedly been observed, however, that 0.5 g. per day is sufficient to restore rata which have failed for tack nutritive condition, provided other satisfactory. | |
McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 16, 167, 1913. | diet caused good growth. | |
McCollum And Davis, J. Biol. Chem, 20, 641, 1915. | Normal growth and reproduction with 5% butter-fat in diet. | |
McCollum, Simmonds, and Parsons, J. Biol. Chem. 37,162, 1919. | 2% in diet sufficient for when all other dietary | |
Drummond, Bioch. J. 13, 81, 1919. | (According to Osborne and Mendel thus prooaniy represents from 160-200 mg. actually eaten. Failed to secure normal growth of rata with 4% butter-fat in an otherwise suitable diet. |
Butter-oil | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol Chem. 30, 379, 1915. | Higher concentration of A than butter-fat |
Egg, boiled, ether extract | McCollum and Davie, Pros. Boo. Exp. Biol. Med. 11, 101, 1914. | A present. |
Egg-yolk, ehter extract | McCollum and Davie, J. Biol. Chem. 15, 167, 1913. | 1% in diet induced normal growth and reproduction in one rat, 5% little if any improvement |
Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 17. 32S, 401, 1914. Bee also Axon and Gralka. Biochem. Zeita. 115. 188. 1931. | As efficient as butter-fat. | |
Fish Oils | ||
Basking-sharks liver | Sekine, J. Tok. Chem. Soc. 41, 430. | A present. |
Cochin fish | Drummond, J. Physiol. 52, 103, 1919. | A present. |
Cod liver | Oeborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 17, 401, 1914. | 6% in diet sufficient to induce normal growth in rats. |
Cod liver (crude) | Drummond, l. c. See also Aran and Gralka, Biochem. Zeits. 115, 188, 1921. | Very rich in A. |
Cod liver (raw, medicinal) | Drummond, l.c. | Very rich in A. |
Cod oil (Norwegian oil, prepared from toe bodies of cod after removal of liven) | Drummond, l. c. | A present. |
Drummond, 1. c. | A present | |
Herring (Japan) | Drummond, l. c | A present |
Menhaden | Drummond, 1. c. | A present. |
Drummond, 1. c. | A present. | |
Shark liver | Drummond, l. c | A present |
Tunny liver | Sekine, l. c | A present |
Whale Lard | Drummond, l. c. McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 15, 167, 1913. | |
Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem 15, 311 1913 | ||
Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 16, | ||
'Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 30, | ||
379, 1915. Halliburton and Drummond, J. Physjol. 51, 335, 1917. |
FATS (Continued) | ||
SUBSTANCE | Reference | Remarks |
Daniels and Loughlin, J. Biol. Chem. 42, 359, 1920. | 28% of lard gave sufficient A for normal growth and reproduction over a period of about 5 months. On 21% the animals remained normal for about 2 months. | |
Liver oil, pig | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 34, 17, 1915. | 10% in diet induced prompt recovery in animals suffering from lack of A. |
"Oleo oil" | Halliburton and Drummond, J. Physiol. 51, 235, 1917. | A present, but less than butter-fat. |
Oleomargarine from animal fats | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 20, 379, 1915. | Effective in restoring rats which had declined on diet lacking A. |
Halliburton and Drummond, 1. c. | Equal to butter-fat in content of A. | |
MISCELLANEOUS | ||
Cheese, whole milk | Med. Res. Com. Sp. Rep. 38, p. 22. | Fairly rich in A. |
Cheese, skim milk | Med. Res. Com. 8p. Rep. 38, p. 22. | No A. |
Casein, or caseinogen (commercial) | Drummond and Coward, Bioch. J. 14, 661, 1920. | Relatively large amounts of A. |
Egg white | Drummond and Coward, Bioch. J. 14, 661, 1920. | Relatively large amounts of A. |
Fish | ||
Cod testicle, ether ext. | McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 20, 641, 1915. | 3% in diet equivalent in diet to butter-fat. |
Roe | Med. Res. Com. Sp. Rep. 38, p. 22. | A present. |
Shya-chi-no, flesh | Sekine, J. Tok. Ch. Soc. 41, 426. | A present. |
Tunny, abdom. muscle | Sekine. J. Tok. Ch. Soc. 41, 426. | A jpresent. |
Heart, pig, dried | McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 21, 179, 1915. | 25% in diet causes some improvement in growth, but very inferior to kidney. |
Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 34, 17, 1918. | 19% added to diet containing 23% lard caused fairly good growth, substitution of butter-fat for 9% of lard caused improvement. | |
Kidney, pig, dried | McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 21, 179, 1915. | 25% in diet otherwise free from A induces vigorous growth. |
Kidney, pig, dried | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 34, 17, 1918. | 22% in diet containing 23% lard induced excellent growth. |
Kidney, pig, ether extr. | McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 20, 641, 1915. | Considerable amount of A present. |
Meat extract (Com). | Med. Res. Com. Sp. Rep. 38, p. 22. | A absent. |
Pancreas | Emmett and Luros, J. Biol. Chem. 38, 441, 1919. | No A could be extracted with either acetone or ben-sene. |
Thymus gland | Emmett and Luroa, J. Biol. Chem. 38, 441, 1919. | No A could be extracted with either acetone or ben-sene. |
Suprarenal gland | Emmett and Luroa, J. Biol. Chem. 38, 441, 1919. | No A could be extracted with either acetone or ben-■ene. |
PATS | VEGETABLE PRODUCTS | |
Almond oil | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 17, 401, 1914. | 18% in diet fails to restore growth in rata which have been deprived of A. |
Arachis (peanut) oil | Hale and Drummond, J. Physiol. 51, 23S, 1917. | Little or no A present. |
Coconut oil | Halliburton and Drummond, J. Physiol. 51, 235, 1917. | Little or no A present. |
Jansen, Geneeak. Tyd. v. Ned. Ind. 58, 173, 1920. | Very little A present. In same category as olive oil. | |
Com oil | McCollum, Simmonds and Pits, J. Biol. Chem. 25, 111, 1916. | Some, although little, A present. |
Cottonseed oil | McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 20, 641, 1915. | 5% in diet has no demonstrated effect on growth. |
McCollum, Simmonds and Pits, Am. J. Physiol. 41, 301, 1916. | Lacking in A. | |
Halliburton and Drummond, J. Physiol. 51, 235. 1917. | Little or no A present. | |
and Parsons, J. Biol. | 8% in the diet provided insufficient A for growth of rats. | |
J. Biol. Chem. 42, | 28% in the normal growth and re-production months. 21% was much lea satisfactory, but vigorous animals grew normally for about 6 weeks and then declined. | |
Hydrogenated oik | Halliburton and Drummond, J. Physiol. 51, 235, 1917. | Lacking in A. |
Lard substitutes | Halliburton and Drummond, 1. c. | No A present. |
FATS (Continued) | ||
SUBSTANCE | REFERENCE | REMARKS |
Linseed oil | McCollum, Simmonde and Pita, Am. J. Physiol. 41, 361, 1916. | Lacking in A, |
Margarines from vegetable | Halliburton and Drummond, J. Physiol. 51, 235, 1917. | A insufficient to support growth for more than a short period. |
Olive oil | McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 16, 167, 1913; 19, 248, 1914; 20, 641, 1915. | On a diet with 5% olive oil rata continued to grow at slightly subnormal rate for 6 months, but no Note mat vigorous rata ay similar records on fat-free diets. |
Palm oil | Drummond and Coward, Bioch. J. 14, 608, 1920. | Good source of A. |
Peanut oil | (See arachis oil). | |
Sunflower seed oil | McCollum, Simmonds and Pits, Am. J. Physiol. 41, 361, 1016. | Lacking in A. |
LEAFY VEGETABLES AND GRASSES | ||
Alfalfa | McCollum, J. Am. Med. Asa. 68,1379,1917. | 30% in diet supplies enough A to keep animal in normal condition if diet is otherwise adequate. |
McCollum, Simmonds and Pits, J. Biol. Chem. 30, 13, 1917. | Satisfactory source of A. | |
Osborne and Mendel, Ib. 37, 187, 1919; 41, 549, 1920. | Very small amounts furnish sufficient A for long-continued and vigorous growth. Is at least as efficient, relatively, as butter-fat, possibly more so. | |
Steenbock and Gross, lb. 41, 149, 1920. | Normal growth and reproduction possible on a diet in which 6% of alfalfa (cut in full bloom) represents the sole source of A. | |
Cabbage, dried at 00o | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 37, 187, 1919; 41, 549, 1920. | 15% ......... normal growth. Less ............ or carrots. |
Dried at room temperature | Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 149, 1920. | 15% in diet induced maintenance and subnormal growth for 26 weeks, but addition of butter-fat |
Fresh, absolute Alcohol extr. | Zilva, Bioch. J. 14, 494, 1920. | g. of fresh cabbage per day in rata, but experiment was inconclusive owing to unpalatabilitv of extract. |
Celery leal | McCollum, J. Am. Med. Am. 88, 1379, 1917. | 30% in diet supplies enough A to keep an animal in normal condition, if diet is otherwise adequate. |
Chard | Steenbock and Grose, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 149, 1920. | 5% in diet furnishes sufficient A for long-continued but slightly subnormal growth. Reproduction was poor. |
Clover | McCollum, J. Am. Med. Ass. l. c. | A present. |
Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 37, 1S7, 1919; 41, 640, 1920. | Furnishes relatively as much A as butter-fat, pos sibly more. Very small amounts furnish sufficient A for | |
Steenbock and Grose, lb. 41,149, 1920. | 5% of c | |
Ghats | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 549, 1920. | 42 m.g declined for lack of it (150-200 m. g. of butter-fat required to effect same result). |
Lettuce, air dried | Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 149, 1920. | 6% in ration as sole of long-continued but somewhere wth. Re- |
Spinach, dried at 60o | McCollum, J. Am. Med. Ass. 68, 1379,1917. | animal in |
Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 37, 1S7, 1919; 41, 549, 1920. | -fat, pos-products | |
Steenbock and Grose, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 149, 1930. | or long- | |
Timothy hay | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 37, 187, 1919; 41, 649, 1920. | Very small amounts furnish sufficient A for long-continued and rigorous growth. Relatively as much A as butter-fat, possibly more. |
CEREAL GRAINS AND SEEDS | ||
Barley | Steenbock, Kent, and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 36, 61, 1918. | A, 15% of barley in a diet A has no effect on growth. |
Beam, Kidney Navy | Med. Res. Com. Rep. 38, p. 33. McCollum and Simmonds, J. Biol. Chem. 32, 39, 1917. | A present. Little if any A present |
CEREAL GRAINS AND SEEDS (Continued) | ||
Substance | REFERENCE | REMARKS |
Beans, Soy | Osborne and Mendel, Ibid. 32, 369, 1917". | A present, but different soy bean meals were found to differ bably owing to met |
Daniels and Nichols, lb. 32 91, 1917. | A present, to some extent at least. | |
White (Phaseolus vulgaris) | McCollum, Simmonds, and Fits, lb. 29, 621, 1918. | 30% in ration induced no growth in rats in 8 weeks. |
Cereal grain mixtures | McCollum and Simmonds, J. Biol. Chem. 33, 303, 1918. | Mixtures of wheat, maise, and oats proved too poor in A to maintain growth. |
Com (See maise) | ||
Cotton-seed meal | Richardson and Green, J. Biol. Chem. 31, 379, 1917. | 435% ether extract of cottonseed flour, equivalent to 50% of cottonseed flour in diet, does not con- 2% of as an |
Flax seed | McCollum, Simmonds, and Pits, J, Biol. Chem. 30, 13, 1917. | |
Hemp seed | McCollum, Simmonds, and Pits, lb. 30, 13, 1917; 33, 303, 1918. | Richer than the cereal grains, but less so than flax or millet. |
Lentils | Chick and Delf, Bioch. J. 13, 199, 1919. | Apparently deficient in A. |
Med. Res. Com. Rep. 38, p. 22. | Fairly rich in A. | |
Linseed cake after expulsion of oil | Med. Res. Com. Rep. 38, p. 22, | A present. |
Maise meal | McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 21, 179, 1915. | 5% not sufficient to prevent death from lack of A; 50% more efficient than 5% of butter-fat. |
Kernel | McCollum, Simmonds, and Pits, J. Biol. Chem. 28, 153, 1916; Am. J. Physiol. 41, 374, 1916. | A present in amounts too small for maintenance and growth when this grain forms the chief content of the diet for rats. |
White | Steenbock and Boutwell, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 81, 1920. | No demonstrable amount of A. |
Yellow | Steenbock and Boutwell, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 81, 1920. | Provides for normal growth in rat when fed to extent of 88% of diet. Reproduction possible, but usually a failure. |
Steenbock, Boutwell, and Kent, 76. 41, xii, 1920. | On yellow maise supplemented with protein and salts young rats have grown to maturity, maintained themselves for months, and repeatedly reproduced. |
Millet seed | McCollum, Simmonda, and Pita, J. Biol. Chem. 30, 13, 1917. | Distinctly richer than the cereal grains. |
Oats | McCollum end Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 21, 179, 1916. | Inferior to maize in content of A. |
McCollum, Simmonda, and Pits, lb. 29, 341, 1917. | Very small amount of A present. Growth alow even where supplemented with 6% butter-fat. | |
Peas, dried | monda, and Parsons, J. Biol. 1, 1918. | Over 50% in diet furnishes insufficient A for growth of rats. |
Chick and Deif, Bioch. J. 13, 199, 1919. | Deficient in A. | |
Rice, polished | Guerrero and Concepcion, Phil. J. Sci. 17. 99, 1920. | Deficient in A, as shown by appearance of xerophthalmia in fowls. |
Polishings | Med. Res. Com. Rep. 38, p. 22. | A present. |
Bye | McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 21, 179, 1917. | Probably a little A present but very little. Addition of 50% of rye to a diet deficient in A caused fain in weight, but otherwise no improvement in condition. |
Tomato-seed press cake | Finks and Johns, Am. J. Physiol. 56, 404, 1921. | Can serve an aole source of A. |
Wheat | ||
Whole kernel | Hart and McColIum, 3. Biol. Chem. 19, 373, 1915. | Somewhat deficient in A. |
McColIum and Davie, lb. 21, 179, 1916. | 5% in diet insufficient for maintenance; 50% insufficient for growth. | |
Embryo | McCollum and Dana, lb. 21, 179, 1915. | 50% in diet induces prompt recovery in rate which have declined for lack of A. |
McCollum, Simmonda, and Pita, lb. 25, 105, 1916. | 33% in diet inmiffimmt for growth of rate, but 5% as sole source of A in-wth for 3 to 4 months. noval of toxic substance sing of vitamin require- | |
Patent flour | McCollum, Simmonda, and Parsons, lb. 33, 411, 1918. | 25 permit of growth in rata. |
Voegtlin and Myers, Pub. Health Rep. 33, No. 22, p. 843. | "White flour" deficient in A, but flour in which part of the germ and superficial layers of the grain have been retained support growth especially well. |
TUBERS, ROOTS, ETC. | ||
SUBSTANCE | REFERENCE | REMARKS |
Beet, red (dried) | Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501, 1919; Sci. 50, 352, 1919. | 15% in ration did not provide demonstrable amount of A. |
Sugar (dried) | Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501. 1919; Sci. 50, 352, 1919. | 25% in ration did not provide demonstrable amount of A. |
Carrot (dried) | Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501, 1919; Sci. 50, 352, 1919. | Remarkably rich in A. 15% in ration as sole source of A permits successful rearing of young by mother. |
Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 549, 1920. | Less effective than spinach. | |
Zilva, Bioch. J. 14, 494, 1920. | Abe. ale. extract equivalent to 10 to 12 g. fresh carrots per day gives sufficient A for normal growth of rats. Ethereal ext: from alcoholic fraction equivalent to 25 g. of fresh carrots promoted recovery and renewed growth in rats declining from lack of A. | |
Dasheen (dried) | Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501, 1919. | No demonstrable amount of A present when fed to extent of 15% of ration. |
Mangel | Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501. 1919. | 25% in ration does not provide enough A for normal growth of rat. |
Parsnip | Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501. 1919. | Poor m A. |
Potatoes (cooked) | Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501, 1919. | Great variation in different lots of potatoes. May contain enough A for normal growth if fed at high level, but generally can be considered poor in this essential. |
McCollum, Simmonds, and Parsons, lb. 36, 197, 1918. | About equal to cereal grains as source of A. | |
Potatoes, dried at 60* | Osborne and Mendel, lb. 41, 549, 1920. | Poor in A, but not devoid of it. |
Potatoes, sweet, dried at 50-60° | Steenbock, Sci. 50, 352, 1919. Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501, 1919. | Rich in A. 15% in ration permits long-continued growth and rearing of young. |
Rutabaga (Swedish turnip) | Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501. 1919. | Little A, if any. |
Squash, Hubbard | Steenbock and Boutwell. J. Biol. Ghem. 41. 170,1920. | Considerable amount of A present. |
Turnip (See Rutabaga) |
FRUITS AND NUTS | ||
Apples, green | Med. Res. Com. Rep. 38, p. 22. | A absent. |
Bananas | Suguira and Benedict, J. Biol. Chem. 06, 171, 1918. | A present. |
Grape fruit juice | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 42, 465, 1920. | Equivalent of 10 cc. per day insufficient to prevent appearance of xerophthalmia. |
Lemon juice | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 42, 465, 1920. | Equivalent of 10 cc. per day insufficient to prevent appearance of xerophthalmia. |
Orange juice | Drummond and Coward, Bioch. J. 14, 661, 1920. | Completely devoid of A. |
Tomato, dried at 60o | Mendel, J. Am. Med. Ass. 75, 568; N. Y. State J. Med. 20, 212, 1920. | Better than butter-fat as source of A, 0.1 g. (representing 1.0-1.4% of the ration) sufficed as source |
Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 549, 1920. | of A tor rats for 14 months. Note, however, that ether extract of tomato was not effective. | |
Coconut press cake | Johns, Fink, and Paul, J. Biol. Chem. 37, 497, 1919. | Some A present, but not optimum amount for growth. |
Nuts | Coward and Drummond, Bioch. J. 14, 665, 1920. | Common varieties of edible nuts of little value as source of A. |
Peanuts | Daniels and Loughlin, J. Biol. Chem. 33, 295, 1918. | Lacking in A. |
MISCELLANEOUS | ||
Custard powders and egg substitutes | Med. Res. Com. Rep. 38, p. 22. | A absent. |
Honey (in comb) | Hawk, Smith and Bergheim, Am. J. Physiol. 55, 339, 1921. | Moderate amounts of A present. |
Strained | lb. | Not more than minimal amount of A. |
Malt extract | Med. Res. Com. Rep. 38, p. 22. | A absent. |
Yeast | Drummond, Bioch. J. 11, 255. | Free from A, |
Dried brewery | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 31, 158, 1917; 37, 199, 1918. | Free from A. |
MEAT AND FISH | ANIMAL PRODUCTS | |
SUBSTANCE | Reference | Remarks |
Fat, pork | Sullivan and Voegtlin, J. Biol. Chem. 24, xvi, 1916-16. | Antineuritic absent. |
Glandular tissue | ||
Brain, ox | Cooper, J. Hyg. 12, 433, 1912; 14, 12, 1914. | Effective as antineuritic, though less so than liver. 6 g. per day gave protection. |
Pig Dried at 90o | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 34, 17, 1918. | 32.5% in diet furnished sufficient B for normal growth, 10% inadequate. |
Sheep | Cooper 1. c. | Less efficient than ox-brain as antineuritic. 6 g. per day gave protection. |
Glandular organs of herring | Drummond, J. Physiol. 52, 103, 1919. | Small amounts of B present. |
Heart, ox | Drummond, J. Physiol. 52, 103, 1919. | Contains some antineuritic, but less than liver or brain. |
Pig, dried at 90o | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 34, 17, 1918. | 19% in diet gave enough B for normal growth. |
Kidney, pig, dried at 90* | Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 34, 17. 1918. | 22% in diet gave enough B for normal growth. |
Dog | Swoboda, lb. 44, 539, 1920. | Very high in growth-promoting B (yeast test). |
Liver | ||
Ox | Cooper, 1. c. | High in antineuritic. |
Pig, dried at 90* | Osborne and Mendel, 1. c. | 10% in diet furnished sufficient, 5% insufficient B for normal growth. |
Ox | Sullivan and Voegtlin, J. Biol. Chem. 24, xvi, 1915; Voegtlin. Lake, and Myers, U. S. Pub. Health Rep. 33, 647, 1918. | Antineuritic present. Can be used as source of concentrated preparations. |
Ox | Swoboda, 1. c. | Relatively high in growth-promoting B (yeast test). |
Dog | Swoboda, 1. c. | Much lower than ox liver (yeast test). |
Lymph gland | Swoboda, 1. c. | Traces only of liver (yeast test). |
Myocardium | Cooper, 1. c. | Fairly satisfactory as antineuritic, although less so than liver. |
Ovarian tissues | Drummond, Bioch. J. 12, 25, 1918. | Deficient in B. |
Swoboda, J. Biol. Chem. 44, 539, 1920. | Fairly high in growth-promoting B (yeast test). |
 
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