FATS

ANIMAL PRODUCTS

SUBSTANCE

REFERENCE

REMARKS

Beef fat

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 30, 379, 1916.

18 % beef fat in diet induced far better growth than lard, but inferior to butter-fat.

Beef oil

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 20, 379, 1915.

6% oil more effective than 18% fat, but inferior to corresponding amount of butter oil

Halliburton end Dmmmond, J. Physiol. 51, 236, 1917.

Confirm Osborne and Mendel as to presence of A.

Butter-fat

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 15, 311, 1913.

18% of butter-fat in diet induces good growth in rate over long periods.

Osborne and Mendel, J. Bid Chem. 16, 423, 1913-14.

Osborne and Mendel. J. Biol. Chem. 17, 401, 1914.

Osborne end Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 20, 379, 1916.

Secured good growth over long periods with 1% or 3% butter-fat in diet, but eventually anmali declined unless amount

Osborne end Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 649, 1920. (See also Mendel, N. Y. State J. Med. 20, 212, 1920; J. Am. Med. Ass. 75, 668).

0.1 g. (1.0-1.4% of diet) enables rata to reach adult size before they snow lack of A, but eventually they decline. It has repeatedly been observed, however, that 0.5 g. per day is sufficient to restore rata which have failed for tack nutritive condition, provided other satisfactory.

McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 16, 167, 1913.

diet caused good growth.

McCollum And Davis, J. Biol. Chem, 20, 641, 1915.

Normal growth and reproduction with 5% butter-fat in diet.

McCollum, Simmonds, and Parsons, J. Biol. Chem. 37,162, 1919.

2% in diet sufficient for when all other dietary

Drummond, Bioch. J. 13, 81, 1919.

(According to Osborne and Mendel thus prooaniy represents from 160-200 mg. actually eaten. Failed to secure normal growth of rata with 4% butter-fat in an otherwise suitable diet.

Butter-oil

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol Chem. 30, 379, 1915.

Higher concentration of A than butter-fat

Egg, boiled, ether extract

McCollum and Davie, Pros. Boo. Exp. Biol. Med. 11, 101, 1914.

A present.

Egg-yolk, ehter extract

McCollum and Davie, J. Biol. Chem. 15, 167, 1913.

1% in diet induced normal growth and reproduction in one rat, 5% little if any improvement

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 17. 32S, 401, 1914. Bee also Axon and Gralka. Biochem. Zeita. 115. 188. 1931.

As efficient as butter-fat.

Fish Oils

Basking-sharks liver

Sekine, J. Tok. Chem. Soc. 41, 430.

A present.

Cochin fish

Drummond, J. Physiol. 52, 103, 1919.

A present.

Cod liver

Oeborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 17, 401, 1914.

6% in diet sufficient to induce normal growth in rats.

Cod liver (crude)

Drummond, l. c. See also Aran and Gralka, Biochem. Zeits. 115, 188, 1921.

Very rich in A.

Cod liver (raw, medicinal)

Drummond, l.c.

Very rich in A.

Cod oil (Norwegian oil, prepared from toe bodies of cod after removal of liven)

Drummond, l. c.

A present.

Drummond, 1. c.

A present

Herring (Japan)

Drummond, l. c

A present

Menhaden

Drummond, 1. c.

A present.

Drummond, 1. c.

A present.

Shark liver

Drummond, l. c

A present

Tunny liver

Sekine, l. c

A present

Whale Lard

Drummond, l. c.

McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 15, 167, 1913.

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem 15,

311 1913

Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 16,

'Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 30,

379, 1915. Halliburton and Drummond, J. Physjol. 51, 335, 1917.

FATS (Continued)

SUBSTANCE

Reference

Remarks

Daniels and Loughlin, J. Biol. Chem. 42, 359, 1920.

28% of lard gave sufficient A for normal growth and reproduction over a period of about 5 months. On 21% the animals remained normal for about 2 months.

Liver oil, pig

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 34, 17, 1915.

10% in diet induced prompt recovery in animals suffering from lack of A.

"Oleo oil"

Halliburton and Drummond, J. Physiol. 51, 235, 1917.

A present, but less than butter-fat.

Oleomargarine from animal fats

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 20, 379, 1915.

Effective in restoring rats which had declined on diet lacking A.

Halliburton and Drummond, 1. c.

Equal to butter-fat in content of A.

MISCELLANEOUS

Cheese, whole milk

Med. Res. Com. Sp. Rep. 38, p. 22.

Fairly rich in A.

Cheese, skim milk

Med. Res. Com. 8p. Rep. 38, p. 22.

No A.

Casein, or caseinogen (commercial)

Drummond and Coward, Bioch. J. 14, 661, 1920.

Relatively large amounts of A.

Egg white

Drummond and Coward, Bioch. J. 14, 661, 1920.

Relatively large amounts of A.

Fish

Cod testicle, ether ext.

McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 20, 641, 1915.

3% in diet equivalent in diet to butter-fat.

Roe

Med. Res. Com. Sp. Rep. 38, p. 22.

A present.

Shya-chi-no, flesh

Sekine, J. Tok. Ch. Soc. 41, 426.

A present.

Tunny, abdom. muscle

Sekine. J. Tok. Ch. Soc. 41, 426.

A jpresent.

Heart, pig, dried

McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 21, 179, 1915.

25% in diet causes some improvement in growth, but very inferior to kidney.

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 34, 17, 1918.

19% added to diet containing 23% lard caused fairly good growth, substitution of butter-fat for 9% of lard caused improvement.

Kidney, pig, dried

McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 21, 179, 1915.

25% in diet otherwise free from A induces vigorous growth.

Kidney, pig, dried

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 34, 17, 1918.

22% in diet containing 23% lard induced excellent growth.

Kidney, pig, ether extr.

McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 20, 641, 1915.

Considerable amount of A present.

Meat extract (Com).

Med. Res. Com. Sp. Rep. 38, p. 22.

A absent.

Pancreas

Emmett and Luros, J. Biol. Chem. 38, 441, 1919.

No A could be extracted with either acetone or ben-sene.

Thymus gland

Emmett and Luroa, J. Biol. Chem. 38, 441, 1919.

No A could be extracted with either acetone or ben-sene.

Suprarenal gland

Emmett and Luroa, J. Biol. Chem. 38, 441, 1919.

No A could be extracted with either acetone or ben-■ene.

PATS

VEGETABLE PRODUCTS

Almond oil

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 17, 401, 1914.

18% in diet fails to restore growth in rata which have been deprived of A.

Arachis (peanut) oil

Hale and Drummond, J. Physiol. 51, 23S, 1917.

Little or no A present.

Coconut oil

Halliburton and Drummond, J. Physiol. 51, 235, 1917.

Little or no A present.

Jansen, Geneeak. Tyd. v. Ned. Ind. 58, 173, 1920.

Very little A present. In same category as olive oil.

Com oil

McCollum, Simmonds and Pits, J. Biol. Chem. 25, 111, 1916.

Some, although little, A present.

Cottonseed oil

McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 20, 641, 1915.

5% in diet has no demonstrated effect on growth.

McCollum, Simmonds and Pits, Am. J. Physiol. 41, 301, 1916.

Lacking in A.

Halliburton and Drummond, J. Physiol. 51, 235. 1917.

Little or no A present.

and Parsons, J. Biol.

8% in the diet provided insufficient A for growth of rats.

J. Biol. Chem. 42,

28% in the normal growth and re-production months. 21% was much lea satisfactory, but vigorous animals grew normally for about 6 weeks and then declined.

Hydrogenated oik

Halliburton and Drummond, J. Physiol. 51, 235, 1917.

Lacking in A.

Lard substitutes

Halliburton and Drummond, 1. c.

No A present.

FATS (Continued)

SUBSTANCE

REFERENCE

REMARKS

Linseed oil

McCollum, Simmonde and Pita, Am. J. Physiol. 41, 361, 1916.

Lacking in A,

Margarines from vegetable

Halliburton and Drummond, J. Physiol. 51, 235, 1917.

A insufficient to support growth for more than a short period.

Olive oil

McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 16, 167, 1913; 19, 248, 1914; 20, 641, 1915.

On a diet with 5% olive oil rata continued to grow at slightly subnormal rate for 6 months, but no

Note mat vigorous rata ay similar records on fat-free diets.

Palm oil

Drummond and Coward, Bioch. J. 14, 608, 1920.

Good source of A.

Peanut oil

(See arachis oil).

Sunflower seed oil

McCollum, Simmonds and Pits, Am. J. Physiol. 41, 361, 1016.

Lacking in A.

LEAFY VEGETABLES AND GRASSES

Alfalfa

McCollum, J. Am. Med. Asa. 68,1379,1917.

30% in diet supplies enough A to keep animal in normal condition if diet is otherwise adequate.

McCollum, Simmonds and Pits, J. Biol. Chem. 30, 13, 1917.

Satisfactory source of A.

Osborne and Mendel, Ib. 37, 187, 1919; 41, 549, 1920.

Very small amounts furnish sufficient A for long-continued and vigorous growth. Is at least as efficient, relatively, as butter-fat, possibly more so.

Steenbock and Gross, lb. 41, 149, 1920.

Normal growth and reproduction possible on a diet in which 6% of alfalfa (cut in full bloom) represents the sole source of A.

Cabbage, dried at 00o

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 37, 187, 1919; 41, 549, 1920.

15% ......... normal growth. Less ............ or carrots.

Dried at room temperature

Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 149, 1920.

15% in diet induced maintenance and subnormal growth for 26 weeks, but addition of butter-fat

Fresh, absolute Alcohol extr.

Zilva, Bioch. J. 14, 494, 1920.

g. of fresh cabbage per day in rata, but experiment was inconclusive owing to unpalatabilitv of extract.

Celery leal

McCollum, J. Am. Med. Am. 88, 1379, 1917.

30% in diet supplies enough A to keep an animal in normal condition, if diet is otherwise adequate.

Chard

Steenbock and Grose, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 149, 1920.

5% in diet furnishes sufficient A for long-continued but slightly subnormal growth. Reproduction was poor.

Clover

McCollum, J. Am. Med. Ass. l. c.

A present.

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 37, 1S7, 1919; 41, 640, 1920.

Furnishes relatively as much A as butter-fat, pos sibly more. Very small amounts furnish sufficient

A for

Steenbock and Grose, lb. 41,149, 1920.

5% of c

Ghats

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 549, 1920.

42 m.g declined for lack of it (150-200 m. g. of butter-fat required to effect same result).

Lettuce, air dried

Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 149, 1920.

6% in ration as sole of long-continued but somewhere wth. Re-

Spinach, dried at 60o

McCollum, J. Am. Med. Ass. 68, 1379,1917.

animal in

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 37, 1S7, 1919; 41, 549, 1920.

-fat, pos-products

Steenbock and Grose, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 149, 1930.

or long-

Timothy hay

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 37, 187, 1919; 41, 649, 1920.

Very small amounts furnish sufficient A for long-continued and rigorous growth. Relatively as much A as butter-fat, possibly more.

CEREAL GRAINS AND SEEDS

Barley

Steenbock, Kent, and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 36, 61, 1918.

A, 15% of barley in a diet A has no effect on growth.

Beam, Kidney Navy

Med. Res. Com. Rep. 38, p. 33. McCollum and Simmonds, J. Biol. Chem. 32, 39, 1917.

A present.

Little if any A present

CEREAL GRAINS AND SEEDS (Continued)

Substance

REFERENCE

REMARKS

Beans, Soy

Osborne and Mendel, Ibid. 32, 369, 1917".

A present, but different soy bean meals were found to differ bably owing to met

Daniels and Nichols, lb. 32 91, 1917.

A present, to some extent at least.

White (Phaseolus vulgaris)

McCollum, Simmonds, and Fits, lb. 29, 621, 1918.

30% in ration induced no growth in rats in 8 weeks.

Cereal grain mixtures

McCollum and Simmonds, J. Biol. Chem. 33, 303, 1918.

Mixtures of wheat, maise, and oats proved too poor in A to maintain growth.

Com (See maise)

Cotton-seed meal

Richardson and Green, J. Biol. Chem. 31, 379, 1917.

435% ether extract of cottonseed flour, equivalent to 50% of cottonseed flour in diet, does not con-

2% of as an

Flax seed

McCollum, Simmonds, and Pits, J, Biol. Chem. 30, 13, 1917.

Hemp seed

McCollum, Simmonds, and Pits, lb. 30, 13, 1917; 33, 303, 1918.

Richer than the cereal grains, but less so than flax or millet.

Lentils

Chick and Delf, Bioch. J. 13, 199, 1919.

Apparently deficient in A.

Med. Res. Com. Rep. 38, p. 22.

Fairly rich in A.

Linseed cake after expulsion of oil

Med. Res. Com. Rep. 38, p. 22,

A present.

Maise meal

McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 21, 179, 1915.

5% not sufficient to prevent death from lack of A; 50% more efficient than 5% of butter-fat.

Kernel

McCollum, Simmonds, and Pits, J. Biol. Chem. 28, 153, 1916; Am. J. Physiol. 41, 374, 1916.

A present in amounts too small for maintenance and growth when this grain forms the chief content of the diet for rats.

White

Steenbock and Boutwell, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 81, 1920.

No demonstrable amount of A.

Yellow

Steenbock and Boutwell, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 81, 1920.

Provides for normal growth in rat when fed to extent of 88% of diet. Reproduction possible, but usually a failure.

Steenbock, Boutwell, and Kent, 76. 41, xii, 1920.

On yellow maise supplemented with protein and salts young rats have grown to maturity, maintained themselves for months, and repeatedly reproduced.

Millet seed

McCollum, Simmonda, and Pita, J. Biol. Chem. 30, 13, 1917.

Distinctly richer than the cereal grains.

Oats

McCollum end Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 21, 179, 1916.

Inferior to maize in content of A.

McCollum, Simmonda, and Pits, lb. 29, 341, 1917.

Very small amount of A present. Growth alow even where supplemented with 6% butter-fat.

Peas, dried

monda, and Parsons, J. Biol. 1, 1918.

Over 50% in diet furnishes insufficient A for growth of rats.

Chick and Deif, Bioch. J. 13, 199, 1919.

Deficient in A.

Rice, polished

Guerrero and Concepcion, Phil. J. Sci. 17.

99, 1920.

Deficient in A, as shown by appearance of xerophthalmia in fowls.

Polishings

Med. Res. Com. Rep. 38, p. 22.

A present.

Bye

McCollum and Davis, J. Biol. Chem. 21, 179, 1917.

Probably a little A present but very little. Addition of 50% of rye to a diet deficient in A caused fain in weight, but otherwise no improvement in condition.

Tomato-seed press cake

Finks and Johns, Am. J. Physiol. 56, 404, 1921.

Can serve an aole source of A.

Wheat

Whole kernel

Hart and McColIum, 3. Biol. Chem. 19, 373, 1915.

Somewhat deficient in A.

McColIum and Davie, lb. 21, 179, 1916.

5% in diet insufficient for maintenance; 50% insufficient for growth.

Embryo

McCollum and Dana, lb. 21, 179, 1915.

50% in diet induces prompt recovery in rate which have declined for lack of A.

McCollum, Simmonda, and Pita, lb. 25, 105, 1916.

33% in diet inmiffimmt for growth of rate, but 5% as sole source of A in-wth for 3 to 4 months. noval of toxic substance sing of vitamin require-

Patent flour

McCollum, Simmonda, and Parsons, lb. 33, 411, 1918.

25 permit of growth in rata.

Voegtlin and Myers, Pub. Health Rep. 33,

No. 22, p. 843.

"White flour" deficient in A, but flour in which part of the germ and superficial layers of the grain have been retained support growth especially well.

TUBERS, ROOTS, ETC.

SUBSTANCE

REFERENCE

REMARKS

Beet, red (dried)

Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501, 1919; Sci. 50, 352, 1919.

15% in ration did not provide demonstrable amount of A.

Sugar (dried)

Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501. 1919; Sci. 50, 352, 1919.

25% in ration did not provide demonstrable amount of A.

Carrot (dried)

Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501, 1919; Sci. 50, 352, 1919.

Remarkably rich in A. 15% in ration as sole source of A permits successful rearing of young by mother.

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 549, 1920.

Less effective than spinach.

Zilva, Bioch. J. 14, 494, 1920.

Abe. ale. extract equivalent to 10 to 12 g. fresh carrots per day gives sufficient A for normal growth of rats. Ethereal ext: from alcoholic fraction equivalent to 25 g. of fresh carrots promoted recovery and renewed growth in rats declining from lack of A.

Dasheen (dried)

Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501, 1919.

No demonstrable amount of A present when fed to extent of 15% of ration.

Mangel

Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501. 1919.

25% in ration does not provide enough A for normal growth of rat.

Parsnip

Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501. 1919.

Poor m A.

Potatoes (cooked)

Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501, 1919.

Great variation in different lots of potatoes. May contain enough A for normal growth if fed at high level, but generally can be considered poor in this essential.

McCollum, Simmonds, and Parsons, lb. 36, 197, 1918.

About equal to cereal grains as source of A.

Potatoes, dried at 60*

Osborne and Mendel, lb. 41, 549, 1920.

Poor in A, but not devoid of it.

Potatoes, sweet, dried at 50-60°

Steenbock, Sci. 50, 352, 1919. Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501, 1919.

Rich in A.

15% in ration permits long-continued growth and rearing of young.

Rutabaga (Swedish turnip)

Steenbock and Gross, J. Biol. Chem. 40, 501. 1919.

Little A, if any.

Squash, Hubbard

Steenbock and Boutwell. J. Biol. Ghem. 41. 170,1920.

Considerable amount of A present.

Turnip (See Rutabaga)

FRUITS AND NUTS

Apples, green

Med. Res. Com. Rep. 38, p. 22.

A absent.

Bananas

Suguira and Benedict, J. Biol. Chem. 06, 171, 1918.

A present.

Grape fruit juice

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 42, 465, 1920.

Equivalent of 10 cc. per day insufficient to prevent appearance of xerophthalmia.

Lemon juice

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 42, 465, 1920.

Equivalent of 10 cc. per day insufficient to prevent appearance of xerophthalmia.

Orange juice

Drummond and Coward, Bioch. J. 14, 661, 1920.

Completely devoid of A.

Tomato, dried at 60o

Mendel, J. Am. Med. Ass. 75, 568; N. Y. State J. Med. 20, 212, 1920.

Better than butter-fat as source of A, 0.1 g. (representing 1.0-1.4% of the ration) sufficed as source

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 41, 549, 1920.

of A tor rats for 14 months. Note, however, that ether extract of tomato was not effective.

Coconut press cake

Johns, Fink, and Paul, J. Biol. Chem. 37, 497, 1919.

Some A present, but not optimum amount for growth.

Nuts

Coward and Drummond, Bioch. J. 14, 665, 1920.

Common varieties of edible nuts of little value as source of A.

Peanuts

Daniels and Loughlin, J. Biol. Chem. 33, 295, 1918.

Lacking in A.

MISCELLANEOUS

Custard powders and egg substitutes

Med. Res. Com. Rep. 38, p. 22.

A absent.

Honey (in comb)

Hawk, Smith and Bergheim, Am. J. Physiol. 55, 339, 1921.

Moderate amounts of A present.

Strained

lb.

Not more than minimal amount of A.

Malt extract

Med. Res. Com. Rep. 38, p. 22.

A absent.

Yeast

Drummond, Bioch. J. 11, 255.

Free from A,

Dried brewery

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 31, 158, 1917; 37, 199, 1918.

Free from A.

MEAT AND FISH

ANIMAL PRODUCTS

SUBSTANCE

Reference

Remarks

Fat, pork

Sullivan and Voegtlin, J. Biol. Chem. 24, xvi, 1916-16.

Antineuritic absent.

Glandular tissue

Brain, ox

Cooper, J. Hyg. 12, 433, 1912; 14, 12, 1914.

Effective as antineuritic, though less so than liver. 6 g. per day gave protection.

Pig Dried at 90o

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 34, 17, 1918.

32.5% in diet furnished sufficient B for normal growth, 10% inadequate.

Sheep

Cooper 1. c.

Less efficient than ox-brain as antineuritic. 6 g. per day gave protection.

Glandular organs of herring

Drummond, J. Physiol. 52, 103, 1919.

Small amounts of B present.

Heart, ox

Drummond, J. Physiol. 52, 103, 1919.

Contains some antineuritic, but less than liver or brain.

Pig, dried at 90o

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 34, 17, 1918.

19% in diet gave enough B for normal growth.

Kidney, pig, dried at 90*

Osborne and Mendel, J. Biol. Chem. 34, 17. 1918.

22% in diet gave enough B for normal growth.

Dog

Swoboda, lb. 44, 539, 1920.

Very high in growth-promoting B (yeast test).

Liver

Ox

Cooper, 1. c.

High in antineuritic.

Pig, dried at 90*

Osborne and Mendel, 1. c.

10% in diet furnished sufficient, 5% insufficient B for normal growth.

Ox

Sullivan and Voegtlin, J. Biol. Chem. 24, xvi, 1915; Voegtlin. Lake, and Myers, U. S. Pub. Health Rep. 33, 647, 1918.

Antineuritic present. Can be used as source of concentrated preparations.

Ox

Swoboda, 1. c.

Relatively high in growth-promoting B (yeast test).

Dog

Swoboda, 1. c.

Much lower than ox liver (yeast test).

Lymph gland

Swoboda, 1. c.

Traces only of liver (yeast test).

Myocardium

Cooper, 1. c.

Fairly satisfactory as antineuritic, although less so than liver.

Ovarian tissues

Drummond, Bioch. J. 12, 25, 1918.

Deficient in B.

Swoboda, J. Biol. Chem. 44, 539, 1920.

Fairly high in growth-promoting B (yeast test).