A pump being outside for the purpose of sprinkling, filling vessels, etc., need not interfere with employing it to deliver water underground to the house and up to elevated tank. A cock-spout, a packed stuffing box, and a line of pipe below freezing from lift pipe to tank, are the essentials. Delivery to tank should be made over top of tank; and the line should have a cock and drain so that the tank pipe can be emptied when desired, and so that full force for sprinkling can be had by cutting off the tank line. When pumping to the tank, it is merely necessary to have the cock-spout closed and the shut-off of the tank line turned on.

The advantages of having the pump indoors, at the sink, are, (1) that water may be pumped for use directly; and (2) that it is not necessary to go outside in bad weather in order to fill the tank. The indoor pump will also conveniently serve ordinary purposes when other water fixtures of the house are out of repair.

Small gasoline engines, by means of pumping jacks or other methods of actuating, are often used to operate pumps. Automatic electric pumps are the most modern and satisfactory equipment for pumping soft water into house service pipes or reversing the pressure in city pipes, as shown in Fig. 67.

Windmills are a favorite means of operating outside pumps in localities where the mean wind velocity is high enough to run them economically. Light winds, and water at great depths, both contribute to increasing the size and cost of mills; while spasmodic winds require great storage capacity. If the mean wind velocity is under 7 miles per hour, mills are suited to very light pumping only. Windmills require self-priming pumps - that is, pumps that are always ready to pump water without adding priming or working rapidly to get water to the cylinder. They are also provided with governors to avoid pumping after the tank is full, and with means which high winds will automatically operate, for folding the mill out of the wind. Light winds and severe duty are counterbalanced to some extent by gearing the wheel for higher speed than is communicated to the actuating rod.

Hot-air engines can be used indoors if the supply is within the vertical distance limit and not too far from the house. If the well or source is far away, it is best to build a frost-proof house for the engine, close to the source or over the well, so that direct connection to pump-rod can be made. Hot-air engines, like gasoline engines, depend on the momentum of the speed wheel doing the work through part of the interval. In the double-cylinder type, heat from wood, coal, gas, or oil expands the air under the piston of the power side, and drives it up. At the same time, the other piston draws the air over through a heat accumulator of iron plates, where it comes in contact with a water-jacket that is filled by passing the pump discharge through it, the air thus losing some of its heat by imparting it to the water in the jacket. The same air is then forced back through the accumulator, where it reabsorbs some of the heat previously parted with, and is compressed in its par-tially cooled state in the bottom of the cylinder on the combustion side, where, by again absorbing heat' from the fuel, the process is caused to be repeated.

Hydraulic water-lifts have of late years been used to elevate water by water-pres-sure. With them various arrangements of piping to suit a wide scope of conditions are possible. If city water pressure does not reach the upper floors, the pressure on the lower floor may be employed to lift the supply for the upper floors, either for direct use from the pipe as usual, by aid of a closed accumulator, or by first delivering the water elevated into an open tank and then piping as in the ordinary tank installation. The power-water of a lift (that used to elevate with) is not wasted as in the case of a ram. The service for the low-level fixtures is simply carried through the power cylinder of the lift, and elevation takes place only during the use of faucets connected to the street pressure. The amount of water elevated is therefore governed by consumption

Fig. 67. Automatic Electric Water Pump with 1/6-Horsepower.

Motor for Pumping Water into House Service Pipes or on the lower floors; and the ratio of amount elevated to that used directly from the initial pressure, is as the capacity of the power cylinder to that of the one operated by it. An approximate estimation of the relative amounts of elevated and initial supply needed, must, on this account, be made before a proper lift can be selected.

Increasing City Water Pressure.

Courtesy of Crane Company, Chicago.

Fig. 68. Method of Using City Pressure to Pump Soft Water for House Supply..

Cistern water can also be-lifted by this method to either an open or closed tank, using or wasting the power-water according to circumstances. In Fig. 68 is shown a plan by which hard city water pumps rain water for baths, trays, etc., by means of a water lift.

Domestic supply by what is termed the Pneumatic System, is a feature of modern plumbing in many isolated buildings. The manner of pumping, though it may be accomplished by any of the means mentioned, is usually by hand pump. Instead of the open elevated tank supplying the fixtures by gravity, a closed tank capable of withstanding the required pressure is placed either in the cellar or in the ground. The pump is connected with the tank at the bottom, with a check-valve between the pump and tank. The house service is also taken from the bottom: of the tank. Pumping the water in, crowds the air in the tank into the upper portion, so that, by the time the tank is three-quarters filled with water, there is. in the neighborhood of four atmospheres' (or 45 pounds') pressure on the gauge. At one-fourth full, the gauge pressure would be 7 1/2 pounds; one-half full, 15 pounds; seven-eighths full, 105 pounds. When the tank is placed horizontal, the simple definite relation of altitude of contents in the tank to contents is in evidence only at half-full. Above the center the percentage of contents exceeds that of the altitude, while below, it is less. With vertical tanks however, as shown (level), the altitude is always in proportion to the contents. Part of the storage tank being occupied by air, and much of the water in it not available under the pressure thus established, higher pressures are often employed, either by pumping air into the tank with a separate pump, or by use of a pump delivering both water and air. The former is the more satisfactory.

Fig. 69. Hydro-Pneumatic Water System with Electric Pump..

Courtesy of Crane Company, Chicago.

A type of pneumatic service apparatus is shown in Fig, 69. The good features of these systems are that cheap and permanent support for the tank is secured; the water is kept cool in summer and free of frost in winter; and, if sufficient capacity is provided, fire-pressure for a time can be obtained. The disadvantages are that plain iron cylinders injure the water; galvanized cylinders are costly; large cylinders are hard to make and keep air-tight through the strain of transportation and installation; calking seams is expensive; a battery of small cylinders offer numerous seams and connective joints as chances for leakage, and only a fraction of the. water is available under ordinary pressure; high pressure is severe on the pump and parts; and hand pumping is very laborious. Pressure higher than necessary for the purpose, is useless expense in any system.