In the eight exercises following, the actual sizes will be given, from which the student will calculate the proportionate measures for his models.

Fig. 1 represents a portion of the frame of a wooden house. The sills, a, are 3" by 6", with half-joints at the corners, and scarf or lap-joints between. The sills should be 2" inside of the foundation-walls (see Fig. 1, Exercise 30). The corner-posts, b, are 4" by 4", and extend all the way to the roof. The roof-plates, d, are also 4" by 4", with half-joints at the corners, or, if the building has a gable-end, the joint may be like that in Fig. 2, Exercise 10. At c the corner-post is notched for the strip supporting the joists of the second story. This strip is 1" by 5". The studs, e, are 3" by 4", 13' long, and set 16" from centers; they are spliced as shown in Fig. 2, by nailing strips on the wide sides. The floor-joists, f, should be 3" by 10" for the principal floor, set against the studs, to which they are securely nailed. At g is the opening for the chimney; this opening is formed by mortising the trimmer, i, into the joists, h, h, 3' from the studs; into this trimmer are mortised the joists, j. The form of mortising this case is that shown in Fig. 3, or the stronger joint formed by ah iron strap, as in Fig. 4. To avoid waste, the openings for the windows may be calculated from the size of the glass; for a sash three lights wide and six high, each 8" by 10", the width will be 2' 11", and the height 6'. The studs for such openings are framed as at l and k. If a small building, the roof-joists may be 3" by 6", butting against the ridge-pole, m. If the upper story is an attic, its ceiling will be hung, supported, as at n, by light material. The floor-joists are stiffened by bridging, which is shown in Fig. 6. Two chalk-lines, as far apart as the joists are wide, are made across the tops of the joists where the bridging is to go, and from these lines the exact length and inclination of the saw-cut are obtained. Fig. 7 shows the manner of fastening beams or joists to brick walls, by using an anchor. Fig. 8 shows the manner of indicating the place for the foundation; the lines are fastened to nails driven into stakes. To square the lines with the tape-measure, lay off 8' on one, and stick a pin through it at that point; on the other lay off 6', and stick in a pin; the pins should be exactly 10' apart to make the angle square.

Ex. 28.

Fig. 1

Fig. 8

Fig. 7

Fig. 6

Fig. 2

Fig. 4

Fig. 3