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[4] For the events leading up to the conquests of Cyrus, see Persia: Ancient History, § v. The chronology is not absolutely certain.
[5] The following is a list of the later dynasties and kings of Babylonia and Assyria so far as they are known at present. For the views of other writers on the chronology, see § viii., Chronological Systems.
The Babylonian Dynasties from cir. 2500 B.C.
Dynasty of Ur.
Gungunu, cir. 2500 B.C. |
Ur-Gur. |
Dungi, more than 51 years. |
Bur-Sin, more than 12 years. |
Gimil-Sin, more than 9 years. |
Ibi-Sin. |
Idin-Dagan. |
Sumu-ilu. |
First Dynasty of Babylon. 2350 B.C.
Sumu-abi, 14 years. |
Sumu-la-ilu, 36 years. |
Zabium, 14 years. |
Abil-Sin, 18 years. |
Sin-muballidh, 20 years. |
Khammurabi, 43 years. |
Samsu-iluna, 38 years. |
Abesukh, 25 years. |
Ammi-ditana, 25 years. |
Ammi-zadoq, 21 years. |
Samsu-ditana, 31 years. |
Dynasty of Sisku (?) for 368 years. 2160 B.C.
Anman, 60 years. |
Ki-Nigas, 56 years. |
Damki-ilisu, 26 years. |
Iskipal, 15 years. |
Sussi, 27 years. |
Gul-ki[sar], 55 years. |
Kirgal-daramas, 50 years. |
Ā-dara-kalama, 28 years. |
Akur-duana, 26 years. |
Melamma-kurkura, 8 years. |
Ea-ga(mil), 9 years. |
Kassite Dynasty of 36 kings for 576 years 9 months. 1780 B.C.
Gandis, 16 years. |
Agum-sipak, 22 years. |
Bitilyasu I., 22 years. |
Ussi (?), 9 years. |
Adu-metas. |
Tazzi-gurumas. |
Agum-kakrime. |
. . . . |
Kara-indas. |
Kadasman-Bel, his son, corresponded with |
Amon-hotep (Amenophis) III. of Egypt, 1400 B.C. |
Kuri-galzu II. |
Burna-buryas, his son, 22 years. |
Kuri-galzu III., his son, 26 years. |
Nazi-Maruttas, his son, 17 years. |
Kadasman-Turgu, his son, 13 years. |
Kudur-bel, 6 years. |
Sagarakti-suryas, his son, 13 years. |
Bitilyasu II., 8 years. |
Tukulti-In-aristi of Assyria (1272 B.C.) |
for 7 years, native vassal kings being - |
Bel-sum-iddin, 1½ years. |
Kadasman-Bel II., 1½ years. |
Hadad-sum-iddin, 6 years. |
Hadad-sum-uzur, 30 years. |
Meli-sipak, 15 years. |
Merodach-baladan I., his son, 13 years. |
Zamama-sum-iddin, 1 year. |
Bel-sum-iddin, 3 years. |
Dynasty of Isin of 11 kings for 132½ years. 1203 B.C.
Merodach-... 18 years. |
. . . . |
Nebuchadrezzar I. |
Bel-nadin-pal. |
Merodach-nadin-akhi, 22 years. |
Merodach-... 1½ years. |
Hadad-baladan, an usurper. |
Merodach-sapik-zer-mati, 12 years. |
Nabu-nadin, 8 years. |
Dynasty of the Sea-coast. 1070 B.C.
Simbar-sipak, 18 years. |
Ea-mukin-zeri, 5 months. |
Kassu-nadin-akhi, 3 years. |
Dynasty of Bit-Bazi. 1050 B.C.
Ē-Ulmas-sakin-sumi, 17 years. |
Ninip-kudur-uzur I., 3 years. |
Silanim-Suqamuna, 3 months. |
Dynasty of Elam. 1030 B.C.
An Elamite, 6 years. |
Second Dynasty of Babylon. 1025 B.C.
Nebo-kin-abli, 36 years. | |
Ninip-kudur-uzur II. (?) 8 months 12 days. | |
Probably 5 names missing. | B.C. |
Samas-mudammiq | cir. 920 |
Nebo-sum-iskun | cir. 900 |
Nebo-baladan | cir. 880 |
Merodach-nadin-sumi | cir. 860 |
Merodach-baladhsu-iqbi | cir. 830 |
Bau-akhi-iddin | cir. 810 |
Probably 2 names missing. | |
Nebo-sum-iskun, son of Dakuri | cir. 760 |
Nabonassar, 14 years | 747 |
Nebo-nadin-suma, his son, 2 years | 733 |
Nebo-sum-yukin, his son, 1 month 12 days | 731 |
End of "the 22nd dynasty." |
Dynasty of Sape.
B.C. | |
Yukin-zera or Chinziros, 3 years. | 730 |
Pulu (Pul or Poros), called | |
Tiglath-pileser III. in Assyria, 2 years | 727 |
Ululā, called Shalmaneser IV. in Assyria | 725 |
Merodach-baladan II. the Chaldaean | 721 |
Sargon of Assyria | 709 |
Sennacherib, his son | 705 |
Merodach-zakir-sumi, 1 month | 702 |
Merodach-baladan III., 6 months | 702 |
Bel-ebus of Babylon | 702 |
Assur-nadin-sumi, son of Sennacherib | 700 |
Nergal-yusezib | 694 |
Musezib-Merodach | 693 |
Sennacherib destroys Babylon | 689 |
Esar-haddon, his son | 681 |
Samas-sum-yukin, his son | 668 |
Kandalanu (Kineladanos) | 648 |
Nabopolassar | 626 |
Nabu-kudur-uzur (Nebuchadrezzar II.) | 605 |
Amil-Marduk (Evil-Merodach), his son | 562 |
Nergal-sarra-uzur (Nergal-sharezer) | 560 |
Labasi-Marduk, his son, 3 months | 556 |
Nabu-nahid (Nabonidus) | 556 |
Cyrus conquers Babylon | 538 |
Cambyses, his son | 529 |
Gomates, the Magian, 7 months | 521 |
Nebuchadrezzar III., native king | 521 |
Darius, son of Hystaspes | 520 |
Nebuchadrezzar IV., rebel king | 514 |
Darius restored | 513 |
Kings of Assyria.
Zulilu "founder of the monarchy." | |
. . . . | |
Assur-rabi. | |
Assur-nirari, his son. | |
Assur-rim-nisesu, his son. | |
. . . . | |
Erba-Hadad, | |
Assur-nadin-akhi I., his son. | |
Assur-yuballidh I., his son. | |
B.C. | |
Assur-bil-nisi-su | cir. 1450 |
Buzur-Assur | 1440 |
Assur-nadin-akhi II. | 1410 |
Assur-yuballidh, his son | 1390 |
Bel-nirari, his son | 1370 |
Arik-den-ilu, his son | 1350 |
Hadad-nirari I., his son | 1330 |
Shalmaneser I., his son (built Calah) | 1310 |
Tiglath-In-aristi I., his son, | 1280 |
conquers Babylon | cir. 1270 |
Assur-nazir-pal I., his son | 1260 |
Assur-narara and his son Nebo-dan | 1250 |
Assur-sum-lisir | 1235 |
In-aristi-tukulti-Assur | 1225 |
Bel-kudur-uzur | 1215 |
In-aristi-pileser, descendant of Erba-Hadad | 1200 |
Assur-dan I., his son | 1185 |
Mutaggil-Nebo, his son | 1160 |
Assur-ris-isi, his son | 1140 |
Tiglath-pileser I., his son | 1120 |
Assur-bil-kala, his son | 1090 |
Samsi-Hadad I., his brother | 1070 |
Assur-nazir-pal II., his son | 1060 |
Assur-irbi | - |
Hadad-nirari II. | cir. 960 |
Tiglath-pileser II., his son | 950 |
Assur-dan II., his son | 930 |
Hadad-nirari III., his son | 911 |
Tukulti-In-aristi, his son | 889 |
Assur-nazir-pal III., his son | 883 |
Shalmaneser II., his son | 858 |
Assur-danin-pal (Sardanapallos), rebel king | 825 |
Samsi-Hadad II., his brother | 823 |
Hadad-nirari IV., his son | 810 |
Shalmaneser III. | 781 |
Assur-dan III. | 771 |
Assur-nirari | 753 |
Pulu, usurper, takes the name of Tiglath-pileser III. | 745 |
Ululā, usurper, takes the name of Shalmaneser IV. | 727 |
Sargon, usurper | 722 |
Sennacherib, his son | 705 |
Esar-haddon, his son | 681 |
Assur-bani-pal, his son | 668 |
Assur-etil-ilani-yukin, his son | ? |
Assur-sum-lisir | ? |
Sin-sarra-uzur (Sarakos) | ? |
Destruction of Nineveh | 606 |
[6] These three dynasties are usually known as the First Dynasty of Babylon, the Dynasty of Sisku or Uruku, and the Kassite Dynasty; see sect. v.
[7] See Oppert, Comptes rendus de l'Acad. des Inscr. et Belles-Lettres (1888), xvi. pp. 218 ff., and Bab. and Or. Rec. ii. pp. 107 ff.
[8] See Sayce, Early Israel, pp. 281 ff., and Encyc. Brit., 10th ed., vol. xxvi. p. 45 (also his account above).
[9] See Rogers History of Babylonia and Assyria (1900).
[10] See Winckler, Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens (1892), Altorientalische Forschungen, i. Hft. 2 (1894), and Auszug aus der Vorderasiatischen Geschichte (1905).
[11] See Delitzsch and Mürdter, Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens (1891), and Delitzsch, Mehr Licht (1907).
[12] See Maspero, Histoire ancienne des peuples de l'Orient classique, tome ii.
[13] See Peiser, Zeits. für Assyr. vi. pp. 264 ff.
[14] See Rost, Mitteil. der vorderas. Gesellschaft (1897), ii.
[15] See Lehmann-Haupt, Zwei Hauptprobleme (1898).
[16] See Marquart, Philologus, Supplbd. vii. (1899), pp. 637 ff.
[17] See Rost, Orient. Lit.-Zeit., iii. (1900), No. 6.
[18] See Lehmann-Haupt, Beiträge zur alten Geschichte (Klio), Bd. iii. Heft 1 (1903).
[19] See Hommel, Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens.
[20] See Ancient Hebrew Tradition, p. 125, and Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, i. pp. 226 f.
[21] See Niebuhr, Chronologie (1896).
[22] See Hommel, "Sitzungsberichte der königl. böhmischen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften," Phil.-hist. Classe (1901), v.
[23] Published and discussed by L. W. King, "Chronicles concerning early Babylonian Kings" (Studies in Eastern History, vols. ii. and iii., 1907), and History of Egypt, vol. xiii. (published by the Grolier Society, New York, in the spring of 1906), pp. 244 ff.
[24] Published and discussed by Hilprecht, "Mathematical, Metrological and Chronological Texts" (Bab. Exped., Ser. A, xx. 1, dated 1906, published 1907), pp. 46 ff.
[25] See L. W. King, Letters and Inscriptions of Khammurabi, vol. iii. pp. 228 ff.
[26] Cf., e.g., Hilprecht, Old Babylonian Inscriptions, pt. ii. p. 24.
[27] See Radau, Early Babylonian History (1900).
[28] See Lehmann-Haupt, Zwei Hauptprobleme, pp. 172 ff.
[29] See Winckler in Schrader's Keilinschriften und das Alte-Testament (3rd ed.), i. pp. 17 f., and cf. Mitteil. der vorderas. Gesellschaft (1906), i. p. 12, n.l.
[30] Cf. L. W. King, Chronicles, i. pp. 15 ff., 61 f.
[31] See Mitteilungen der deutschen Orientgesellschaft, Nos. 21 and 22, and cf. L. W. King, Chronicles, i. pp. 114 ff.
[32] The Assyrian language is practically identical with the Babylonian, just as the Assyrians are the same people as the Babylonians with some foreign admixtures.
[33] In many names the divine element is lopped off, but was originally present.
[34] Aramaic endorsements on business documents repeating in Aramaic transliteration the names of parties mentioned in the texts have also been of service in fixing the phonetic readings of names. See e.g. Clay's valuable article, "Aramaic Endorsements on the Documents of Murashū Sons" (Persian period) in Old Testament and Semitic Studies in Memory of William Rainey Harper (Chicago, 1908, vol. i.), pp. 285-322.
[35] Even in the case of the "Semitic" name of the famous Sargon I. (q.v.), whose full name is generally read Sharru-kenu-sha-ali, and interpreted as "the legitimate king of the city," the question has recently been raised whether we ought not to read "Sharru-kenu-shar-ri" and interpret as "the legitimate king rules" - an illustration of the vacillation still prevailing in this difficult domain of research.
 
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