Actium, B. c. 31. The combined fleets of Antony and Cleopatra defeated by Octavius, and imperialism established in the person of Octavius.

Philippi, b. c. 42. Brutus and Cassius defeated by Octavius and Antony. The fate of the Republic decided.

Metaurus, b. c. 207. The Carthaginians under Hasdrubul were defeated by the Romans under Caius and Marcus Livius.

Arbela, b. c. 331. The Persians defeated by the Macedonians and Greeks under Alexander the Great. End of the Persian empire.

Syracuse, B. c, 414. The Athenians defeated by the Syracusans and their allies, the Spartans, under Gylippus.

Marathon, B. c. 490. The Athenians under Miltiades defeated the Persians under Datis. Free government preserved.

Winfeld-Lippe, a. d. 9. Teutonic independence established by the defeat of the Roman legions under Varus at the hands of the Germans under Arminius (Hermann.)

Chalons, a. d. 451. The Huns under Attila, called the "Scourge of God," defeated by the confederate armies of Romans and Visigoths.

Tours, A. D. 732. The Saracens defeated by Charles Martel and Christendom rescued from Islam.

Hastings, a. d. 1066. Harold, commanding the English army, defeated by William the Conqueror, and a new regime established in England by the Normans.

Siege of Orleans, A. D. 1429. The English defeated by the French under Joan of Arc.

Defeat of the Spanish Armada, a. d. 1588. England saved from Spanish invasion.

Lutzen, a. d. 1632. Decided the religious liberties of Germany. Gustavus Adolphus killed.

Blenheim, A. D. 1704. The French and Bavarians under Marshal Tallard defeated by the English and their allies under Marlborough.

Pultowa, a d. 1709. Charles XII. of Sweden defeated by the Russians under Peter the Great.

Saratoga, a. d. 1777. Critical battle of the American War of Independence. The English defeated by the Americans under General Gates.

Valmy, A. d. 1792. An invading army of Prussians, Austrians and Hessians under the Duke of Brunswick, defeated by the French under Kellermann. The first success of the Republic against foreigners.

Trafalgar. On the 21st of October, a. d. 1805, the great naval battle of Trafalgar was fought. The English defeated the French and destroyed Napoleon's hopes to successfully invade England.

Waterloo, a. d. 1815. The French under Napoleon defeated by the allied armies of Russia, Austria, Prussia and England under Wellington.

Siege of Sebastopol, A. D. 1854-5. The Russians succumbed to the beleaguering armies of England, France and Turkey, and the result was delay in the expansion of the Russian Empire.

Gettysburg, July, A. D. 1863. The deciding battle of the war for the Union. The Confederates under General Lee defeated by the Union forces under Meade.

Sedan, a. D. 1870, The decisive battle of the Franco-German war.