Cicero was called Father of his Country by the Roman senate (B.C. 106-43). Julius Caesar was so called after quelling the insurrection in Spain (B.C. 100-43). Augustus Caesar was called Pater atque Princeps (B.C. 63, 31-14). Cosmo de Medici (1389-1464). George Washington, defender and paternal counsellor of the American States (1732-1799). Andrea Dorea is so called on the base of his statue in Genoa (1468-1560) Andronicus Palaeologus II. assumed the title (1260-1332). See also Chron. iv. 14.

Amadeus I. (duke of Aosta) Spain

1873

Charles IV. of Spain (forced)

1808

Charles V. of Spain and Germany

1556

Charles X. of France (forced)

1830

Charles Albert of Sardinia (forced)

1849

Charles Emmanuel of Sardinia

1802

Christina of Sweden

1654

Diocletian and Maximian

305

308

Felipe V. of Spain

1724

Francis II. of the Two Sicilics (forced)

1860

James II. of England (forced)

1689

Louis Bonaparte of Holland

1810

Louis Philippe of France (forced)

1848

Ludwig of Bavaria (forced)

1848

Matilda (Lady Of England)

1154

Milan of Servia

1889

Napoleon I. of France (forced)

1814

Napoleon III. of France (forced)

1870

Otho of Greece (forced)

1863

Pedro II. of Brazil (forced)

1889

Poniatowski of Poland (forced)

1795

Richard II. of England (forced)

1399

Stanislaus Leszczinski (forced)

1735

Victor Amadeus of Sardinai

1730

Victor Emmanuel

1819

History In Rhyme, The following are given as helpful mnemonic verses: