The word police comes from polis, a city. Knight in the original Saxon means " a boy." Beg, not bey, is the title of a Turkish governor. Oliver Cromwell's title was The Lord Protector. In Scotland the mayor of a town is called provost. Duke means a leader and was first a military title. Lieutenant means literally " holding the place of." Garter-King-at-Arms is the chief herald of England. Lords of Appeal, in England, are made peers for life. " The grand old gardener " is a poet's title for Adam. The Order of the Garter is Britain's highest knighthood.

Earl means an elder. Its continental equivalent is Count.

A marquis was originally the governor of a frontier province.

Lictors were the servants who attended on Roman chief magistrates.

Mandarin is a Portuguese, not a native, title for Chinese high officials.

The Great Seal of England is the symbol of the Lord Chancellor's office.

Originally a sheik was an Arab chief; now applied to Moslem dignitaries.

The rank of admiral was first created in this country (1866) to honor Farragut.

Masters in Chancery were originally the assistants to the Lord Chancellor.

The King-Maker was a title given to Richard Nevil, Earl of Warwick (1420-1471).

Prince Rupert (1619-1682) was called the Mad Cavalier because of his reckless daring.

Lords Spiritual is the title of the bishops who have seats in the British House of Lords.

Incas was the name given by the ancient Peruvians to their kings and princes of the blood.

The Master of the Rolls is a British Judge of Chancery who keeps the records of that court.

His small stature and original army rank caused Napoleon to be called The Little Corporal.

Robert of Normandy, father of William the Conqueror, well earned the title of Robert the Devil.

The Duke of Marlborough (1650-1722) was dubbed Corporal John by the soldiers who served under him.

Sahib, an Arabic word signifying "lord" is the title of courtesy bestowed by Hindus upon Europeans.

The Iron Duke and Marshal Forward were both popular titles of the Duke of Wellington, the victor of Waterloo.

Peers of the House of Lords are generally designated Lords Temporal in contradistinction to the Lords Spiritual.

The title applied to the younger princes of the royal houses of Spain and Portugal is Infante. A princess is styled Infanta.

Titles of courtesy are those titles allowed to the relatives of British peers by social usage, but to which they have no legal right.

An officer appointed by a king or nobleman, or by a corporation, to perform domestic and ceremonial duties, is called a Chamberlain.

Overbury says: The man who has nothing to boast of but his illustrious ancestry is like a potato - the best part of him is under ground.

The Order of the Bath was constituted by Henry IV. in 1399. It comprises Knights Grand Cross, Knights Commanders and Companions.

A commoner is anyone in England under the rank of nobility; also a member of the House of Commons. At some of the great schools and at Oxford, a class of students eating at the common table are likewise termed commoners.

Archduke and archduchess are titles now borne by all the sons and daughters of an emperor of Austria, and by their descendants through the male line.

The grade of titles in Great Britain stands in the following order from the highest: A prince, duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron, baronet, knight.

Scholarship, a benefaction, generally of the annual proceeds of a bequest permanently invested, paid for the maintenance of a student at a university or at a school.

A charge d'affaires is a fourth-class diplomatic agent, accredited not to the sovereign, but to the department for foreign affairs; he also holds his credentials only from the minister.

Defender of the Faith was the title first given to Henry VIII. by pope Leo X., for a volume against Luther, in defense of the seven sacraments. The original volume is in the Vatican.

Advocatus Diaboli is one appointed to advance every conceivable reason why a person whose name is submitted for canonization should not be admitted into the calendar of the saints.

The East Indian term Begum is a title of honor equivalent to "princess," conferred on the mothers, sisters or wives of native rulers. The Begum of Oudh is well known in Indian history.

The name Darbyites is often applied to the Plymouth brethren from their principal founder, John Nelson Darby (1800-82), of whose collected writings thirty-two volumes have appeared (1867-83).

The old name for Christmas, Yule, is still used in Scotland and the north of England, and retained in the term "yule-log." It was originally, in England and Scandinavia, the festival of the winter solstice.

The Imperial Order of the Crown of India was instituted January 1, 1878. The Queen, the Princess of Wales, the princesses of the blood royal, and distinguished ladies, British and Indian, constitute the order.

Chouans were bands of royalist Breton peasants organized during the French Revolution, 1792, by three brothers, named Cottereau. The bands got their name from Chat-huant, screech owl, whose cry was their signal. They were suppressed in 1830.

The familiar term "boss" is a modified form of the Dutch baas, master, and used in the United States for an employer of labor, or a local political chief; and in Britain is a slang word, or is employed humorously. To "boss" is to play the master.

The commandant is the officer, of whatever rank, in command of a fortress or military post of any kind. The title is also given to an officer commanding a larger body of troops than is proper to his rank, as captain-commandant, lieutenant-commandant.

The cardinal is the highest dignitary in the Roman Catholic Church, next to the popes, who are selected from the cardinals. The cardinals are divided into three classes, six bishops, fifty priests and fourteen deacons, never more than seventy who constitute the Sacred College.