A Chatelaine is the wife of the chatelain or commander of a feudal castle. A chaine chatelaine or simply chatelaine, a chain such as a lady chatelaine might wear, is a chain depending from the waist, to which are attached keys, scissors, and other appliances of housewifery.

Crest is a heraldic figure or ornament, which in its original use surmounted the helmet. Though often popularly regarded as the most important part of the heraldic insignia of a family, it is, in the eyes of heralds, merely an accessory, without which the bearing is complete.

Ambassadors in early days received no salary, the honor of serving a monarch being deemed more than a compensation for their services. Nor did they ever tender pay for their lodging at a foreign court, but instead expected to receive at their departure presents of considerable value.

Chevalier was a honorary title given, especially in the eighteenth century, to younger sons of French noble families. Their indolence and impecuniosity not seldom led them into devious ways, so that the term chevalier d' Industrie became a synonym for highwayman or swindler.

A Spanish order instituted (1170) by Ferdinand II., to stop the inroads of the Moors, was that of San Yago, or St. James. Proof of noble descent through four generations was required from the knights. The political power of the order ceased in 1522, and it has since been solely an order of nobility.

The title of Count is of considerable antiquity. We find it used in mediaeval and modern Europe. Earl is in one view supposed to be analogous to it, the Latin equivalent of each being the same, and the wife of an earl being a countess. In French the title is comte, Italian, conte, and in Spanish, conde.

Envoy is a diplomatic minister of the second order - i.e. inferior in rank to an ambassador. Like the latter, he receives his credentials immediately from the sovereign, though he represents not his prince's personal dignity, but only his affairs. The envoy is thus superior in rank to the Charge" d'Affaires.

In the United States navy, commanders have a rank next below that of captain, and next above that of a lieutenant-commander, and rank with lieutenant-colonels in the army. The commander in the British navy is an officer next under a captain in rank, and serves either as second in command in a large ship, or in independent command of a smaller vessel.

Sovereign, in politics, is the person or body of persons in whom the supreme executive and legislative power of a state is vested. In limited monarchies sovereignty is in a qualified sense ascribed to the king, who though the supreme magistrate, is not the sole legislator. A state in which the legislative authority is not trammeled by any foreign power is called a sovereign state.

The King of France: So the monarchs of France were called till October, 1789, when the National Assembly ordained that Louis XVI. should not be styled "King of France," but "King of the French." The royal title was abolished in France in 1792, but was restored in 1814. When Louis Philippe was invited in 1830 to take on himself the government, he was styled "King of the French."

The Mufti is a "doctor of the law" in the Mussulman religion. He interprets both the text and ideas of the Koran. The Grand Mufti, called the "Sheik-ul-Islam," resides at Constantinople, and is head of the lawyers and priests or ulemas. His ordinances, called fetfas, must be blindly obeyed. It is the Grand Mufti who girds on the sultan's sword at his coronation. Every town has its mufti.

Khedive, a title granted in 1867 by the Sultan to his tributary the Viceroy of Egypt, and since then used by the latter as his official title. The word (pronounced as a dissyllable) is derived from Persian khidiv, and means "sovereign." It is therefore a more dignified title than the former one of vali, ' Viceroy."

Commander-in-chief is the highest staff appointment in the British " army. After the death of the Duke of Wellington in 1852. this title, which had been borne by him for many years, was allowed to lapse. It was recently again bestowed on the Duke of Cambridge, in honor of his fifty years' service in the army.

Admiral is the title of the highest rank of naval officers. The office originated with the Arabs in Spain and Sicily, and was adopted with the name by the Genoese, French and the English under Edward III. as " amyrel of the se." Admirals are generally of three classes - admirals, vice-admirals and rear-admirals.

In India, and especially in Bengal, the Zemindar is the landed proprietor, who pays the government land-revenue, as opposed to the "ryot," the actual cultivator of the soil. Under the Mogul government the zemindar was originally merely a government official, charged with the collection of the land revenue, and with no rights in the land. These he acquired under the Permanent Settlement of Lord Cornwallis.

Sizar, the name of an order of students at Cambridge and Dublin universities, so called from the allowance of victuals (size) made to them from the college buttery. Duties of a somewhat menial kind, such as waiting upon the fellows at table, were originally required of the sizars, but these have long since gone into disuse. At Oxford there was formerly a somewhat similar order of students denominated Servitors.

Dauphin was the title of the eldest son of the French king, and originally that of the sovereign lords of the province of Dauphine, who bore a dolphin as their crest. The last of these, the childless Humbert III., in 1343 bequeathed his possessions to Charles of Valois, grandson of Philippe VI. of France, on condition that the eldest son of the king of France should bear the title of Dauphin of Vienne, and govern the province.

Czar (more properly Tsar, Tzar, or Zar), the title of the emperors of Russia. The word occurs early in Old Slavonic, equivalent to king or kaiser, and is connected with the Latin Ccesar, continued in the Roman empire as a title of honor long after the imperial house itself had become extinct. In the Slavonic Bible the word basileus is rendered by czar; Caesar (kaisar) by Cesar. In the Russian chronicles also the Byzantine emperors are styled czars, as are also the khans of the Mongols who ruled over Russia.