Art. XLII. Territory is regarded as occupied when it finds itself placed in fact under the authority of the hostile army. The occupation includes only the territory where that authority is established and in a position to be exercised.

Art. XLIII. The lawful authority having passed, in fact, into the hands of the occupant, he will take all steps which depend upon him with a view to reestablish order, as far as possible, by respecting, save in case of absolute impediment, the laws in force in the country.

Art. XLIV. It is forbidden to compel the population of an occupied territory to take part in military operations against their own country.

Art. XLV. It is forbidden to constrain the population of an occupied territory to recognize, by the taking of an oath, the power of the enemy.

Art. XLVI. Family honor and rights, the lives of individuals and their private property, as well as their religious convictions and the right of public worship, are to be respected. Private property is not to be confiscated.

Art. XLVII. Pillage is expressly prohibited.

Art. XLVIII. If the occupant collects in the occupied territory the imposts, duties, and tolls established for the benefit of the state, he shall do so, as far as possible, in accordance with existing rules of assessment and apportionment, and the obligation shall devolve upon him of providing for the expenses of the administration of the occupied territory in the proportion to which the legal government was bound to contribute.

Art. XLIX. If, in addition to the imposts contemplated in the preceding article, the occupant levies other money contributions in the occupied territory, he can do so only to the extent of the needs of the army or the administration of the occupied territory.

Art. L. No collective penalty, pecuniary or otherwise, shall be imposed upon communities because of individual acts for which they could not be regarded as collectively responsible.

Art. LI. No contribution shall be collected save in virtue of an order given in writing, and on the responsibility of a general-in-chief. This method of collection shall be resorted to only in accordance with the existing rules of assessment and apportionment. For every contribution a receipt shall be given to the contributor.

Art. LII. Requisitions in kind and compulsory service shall be demanded only of communities or inhabitants for the needs of the army of occupation. They shall bear relation to the resources of the community, and shall be of such nature as not to imply an obligation on the part of the population to take part in military operations against their own country.

These requisitions and services shall be demanded only with the authority of the commander of the occupied locality. Levies in kind shall, as far as possible, be paid for in cash; if not, they shall be verified by receipts.

Art. LIII. The army which occupies a territory can seize only the cash, funds, and bills receivable, property belonging to the state itself, means of transportation, depots of arms, magazines, and supplies, and, in general, all movable property of the state which may be useful in military operations.

Railway material, land telegraphs, telephones, steamers, and other vessels outside the cases regulated by the maritime law of war, as well as depots of arms, and, in general, all sorts of munitions of war, even when belonging to corporations or private individuals, are equally things susceptible of use in military operations, but shall be restored, and indemnifications shall be agreed upon at the establishment of peace.

Art. LIV. Railway material coming from neutral states, whether the property of such states or of corporations or private individuals, shall be sent back as soon as possible.

Art. LV. The occupying state shall regard itself only as the administrator of the occupied territory, and as in enjoyment of the usufruct of the public buildings, landed estates, forests, and agricultural interests belonging to the state. It shall be his duty to protect the capital of these properties, and to administer them in accordance with the principles of usufruct.

Art. LVI. Town property and the property of establishments consecrated to religious worship, to charity and education, and to the arts and sciences, even when belonging to the state, shall be treated as private property. All seizure, destruction, or intentional defacement of such establishments, of historical monuments, of works of art or of science, is prohibited, and the offenders shall be prosecuted.