As regards the stutus of aliens, that is, subjects of other States, who are temporarily or permanently domiciled in a State, it may be said that the fact that they are within the territorial limits makes them, in a broad constitutional sense, members of that State and, therefore, subject to the authority of its laws, though they still remain the subjects or citizens of their native States. In fact, being under the protection of the State where they are, they owe an allegiance to it according to the maxim protectio trahit subjectionem, et subjectio protectionem. Webster, when Secretary of .State, in his report on Thrasher's Case in 1851, declared: "Independently of a residence with intention to continue such residence, independently of the taking of any oath of allegiance, or of renouncing any former allegiance, it is well known, that by the public law an alien, or a stranger born, for so long a time as he continues within the dominions of a foreign government, owes obedience to the laws of that government, and may be punished for treason or other crimes as a native-born subject might be, unless his case is varied by some treaty speculations." 4 This principle thus stated by Webster has been several times quoted and approved by the Supreme Court.5

2 4 Wh. 246: 4 L. ed. 5C2. 3 6th ed. II, 42.