The Constitution expressly provides that criminal trials shall be publicly conducted, and, indeed, it would seem that publicity has been a common-law incident of trials for crime. Many of the state constitutions also expressly provide that proceedings shall be public. In numerous cases, however, it has been held by the state courts that this does not prevent the more or less complete exclusion of spectators where public morals have seemed to require it, and where no prejudice to the accused is thereby occasioned.43 The question has not been passed upon by the federal Supreme Court.