The Foot, Movements, Origin And Common Meaning Of Anatomical Words
Description
This section is from the book "Constructive Anatomy", by George B. Bridgman. Also available from Amazon: Constructive Anatomy.
The Foot, Movements, Origin And Common Meaning Of Anatomical Words
The Foot
As the little finger side is the heel side of the hand, so the outside of the foot is the heel side. It is flat upon the ground, continuous with the heel; it is lower than the inside - even the outer ankle bone is lower - and it is shorter.
The inside, as though raised by the greater power of the great toe and the tendons of all the toes, is higher. To the front of the ankle is the knob that corresponds with the base of the thumb. Opposite it, on the outside, is a similar knob corresponding with the base of the little finger.
In the foot this symmetry adapted to the function of weight - bearing, has developed into a wonderful series of arches. The five arches of the foot converge on the heel; the toes being flying buttresses to them. The balls of the foot form a transverse arch. The inner arches of the foot are successively higher, forming half of a transverse arch whose completion is in the opposite foot. Opening gradually toward the ankle, this arching movement finally culminates in the two columns of the leg and the arch between; wherefore the leg is placed somewhat to the inside of the central line of the foot.
Movements
In all positions, the foot tends to keep itself flat with the ground; the arches of the foot changing accordingly. In action, the foot comes almost into straight line with the leg, but when settling upon the ground, the outer or heel side strikes first and the whole foot settles toward the inside.
The Foot. The Foot, outer view. Interlocking of the Ankle with the Foot.
The Foot. The Foot, inner view.
Toes. Their Pads and Wedging.
Origin And Common Meaning Of Anatomical Words
Flexor | Bender |
Extensor | Extender |
Abductor | Drawing away ( from median line) |
Adductor | Drawing toward (median line) |
Supinator | Turning face up |
Pronator | Turning face down |
Anterior | In front |
Posterior | Behind |
1 .ongus | Long |
Brevis | Brief, or short |
External | Outside of |
Internal | On inner side |
Rectus | Straight |
Vastus | Vast, or large |
Minimus | Smallest |
Semi | Half |
Tertius | Third |
Infra | Below |
Bones | |
Frontal | In front |
Temporal | "Time" |
Parietal | From paries, wall |
Occipital | From ob. over against, and caput, head; so back of head |
Nasal | |
Malar | From mala, cheek |
Maxillary | Jaw |
Superior | Above, upper |
Inferior | Below, lower |
Mastoid | Nipple-shaped |
Sternum | Breast bone |
Clavicle | Key, collar bone |
Scapula | Spade; shoulder blade |
Humerus | Bone of upper arm |
Ulna | Cubit |
Radius | Spoke (of wheel) |
Carpal | From carpus, wrist |
Trapezium | Table |
Trapezoid | Like a table - two sides parallel, two not |
Scaphoid | Boat-shaped |
Semi-lunar | Half-moon |
Cuneiform | Wedge-shaped |
Pisiform | Pea-shaped |
Os magnum | Great bone |
Metacarpals | Beyond the wrist |
Phalanges | Ranks of soldiers |
Digit | Finger |
Os innominatum | Bone without a name |
Sacrum | Sacred (used in oracles) |
Coccyx | Cuckoo (beak of) |
Femur | |
Patella | Little pan |
Tibia | Shin |
Fibula | Flute |
Calcaneum | From calx, heel |
Tarsal | Instep |
Metatarsal | Beyond the instep |
Phalanges | Ranks of soldiers |
Muscles | |
Temporal | Pertaining to temporal hone |
Masseter | Chewer, masticator |
Sterno-cleido-mastoid | Attaching to sternum, clavicle and mastoid bones |
Thyroid | Shield (and cidos, like); so shield-like. (So all words ending in -oid.) |
Thyroid cartilage | Adam's apple |
Deltoid | Like Creek letter delta, triangular (equilateral ) |
Pectoralis | Pertaining to breast |
Major | Greater |
Minor | Lesser |
Rectus abdominis | Straight muscle of abdomen |
Oblique | Slanting |
Serratus | Saw-toothed |
Teres | Round |
Biceps | Two-headed |
Brachialis | Pertaining to arm |
Anticus | ( Adjective ) in front |
Triceps | Three-headed |
Anconeus | Donkey's foot |
Coraco-brachialis | from coracoid (beak-like) process of scapula to brachium, or arm |
Gluteus | Buttocks |
Maximus | Greatest |
Medius | Middle-sized |
Minimus | Smallest |
Tensor | Tightener, or holder |
Fascia | Band |
Lata | Broad |
Rectus femoris | Straight muscle of the femur |
Vastus externus | Great muscle outside |
Vastus internus | Great muscle inside |
Abductor | Drawing away (from median line) |
Gracilis | Slender, graceful |
Semi-tendinosus | Half tendinous |
Semi-membranosus | ; Half membranous (broad, flat tendon) |
Plantaris | Of the sole of the foot (compare palmaris of the hand ) |
Gastrocnemius | Frog's belly |
Soleus | Sole fish, or flounder |
Achilles' tendon | The tendon by which Achilles' mother held in dipping him into the River Styx to make him invulnerable |
Peroneus | Pin - another name for fibula |
Tibialis Anticus | In front of tibia |
Pollicis | From pollex, thumb or big toe |
Thenar | Palm |
Hypo-tlienar | Under (less than) the thenar |
Palmaris | Of the palm |
Trapezius | Table-shaped |
Latissimus dorsi | Broadest muscle of back |
Infra-spinatus | Below the spine ( of scapula ) |
Supra-spinatus | Above the spine (of scapula) |
Teres major | Larger round muscle |
Teres minor | Smaller round muscle |
Rhomboideus | Rhomb shaped - quadrilateral but not right-angled |
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