The doctrine of breach by renunciation in advance is not, however, limited to cases of these sorts, but it is applied generally to all classes of contracts1 without regard to their subject-matter, except that contracts involving the payment of money only and probably also involving full performance on the part of the party who is not in default have been put in a special class by some authorities.2

3 Brown v. Odill, 104 Tenn. 250, 78 Am. St. Rep. 914, 56 S. W. 840.

4 See Sec. 2885.

1 United States. Roehm v. Horst, 178 U. S. 1, 44 L. ed. 953; Central Trust Co. v. Chicago Auditorium Association, 240 U. S. 581, L. R. A. 1917B, 580, 60 L. ed. 811; Colorado Yule Marble Co. v. Collins, 230 Fed. 78; In re Mullings Clothing Co., 238 Fed. 58, L. R. A. 1918A, 545; Dixon v. Anderson, 252 Fed. 694.

Arkansas. Wendt v. Ismert-Hincke Milling Co., 107 Ark. 106, 154 S. W. 194.

Connecticut. Bridgeport v. Aetna Indemnity Co., 91 Conn. 197, 99 Atl. 566.

Florida. Hall v. Northern & Southern Co., 55 Fla. 235, 46 So. 178 (obiter).

Georgia. Oklahoma Vinegar Co. v. Carter, 116 Ga. 140, 94 Am. St. Rep. 112, 59 L. R. A. 122, 42 S. E. 378.

Illinois. Roebling's Sons Co. v. Lockstitch Fence Co., 130 111. 660, 22 N. E. 518.

Iowa. Sprague v. Iowa Mercantile Co., - la. - , 172 N. W. 637. Kansas. Kansas Flour Mills Co. v. Brandt, 98 Kan. 587, L. R. A. 1917A, 1000, 158 Pac. 1120.

Kentucky. Globe Fertilizer Co. v. Tennessee Phosphate Co. (Ky.), 85 S. W. 1177.

New Jersey. Holt v. United Security Life Ins. Co., 74 N. J. L. 795, 11 L. R. A. (N.S) 100, 67 Atl. 118.

New York. Tanenbaum v. Federal Match Co., 189 N. Y. 75, 81 N. E. 565.

North Dakota. Hart-Parr Co. v. Fin-ley, 31 N. D. 130, L. R. A. 1915E, 851, 153 N. W. 137 [overruling on this point, Stanford v. Mc-Gill, 6 N. D. 536, 38 L. R. A. 760, 72 N. W. 938].

Pennsylvania. Unexcelled Fire Works Co v. Polites, 130 Pa. St. 536, 17 Am. St. Rep. 788, 18 Atl. 1058.

2 See Sec. 2891.

The principle that renunciation in advance of performance gives an immediate right of action to recover damages has been applied to contracts for the sale of personal property,3 such as a contract to sell wheat,4 flour,5 hops,6 rock,7 machinery,8 merchandise,9 and stock.10