How To Drive Nails Into Hard Wood

Dip in grease to assist penetration.

How To Ease Tight Nuts

To ease a nut that is a little too tight upon a bolt, place it upon the bolt, and, resting it upon an iron anvil or block, strike the upper side with a hammer, turning the nut so that not more than two blows will fall upon the same face. The smaller the nut, the lighter the blows should be, and vice versa.

How To Unscrew Tight Nuts

To start a nut that is corroded in its place, so that an ordinary wrench fails to move it, strike a few sharp blows upon its end face; then holding a dull chisel across the chamfer of the nut, strike the chisel-head several sharp blows, which will, in a majority of cases, effect the object.

Cast-Iron Patterns

These should have their surfaces smoothed, and be then slightly heated and waxed all over with the best beeswax.

Patterns For Brass Bed-Pieces

In making a pattern for a brass bedding in a circular bed, first make the pattern at the same curve as the bed, and then pare off the centre of the crown-bed about 1/64 inch for every inch of diameter of bore of the brass; the reasons for this are explained in treating of patterns for semi-octagonal bedding-brasses.

How To Fit Patterns

To get a pattern to fit closely over an irregular casting having angles, projections, or crooks in it (such as is often required to make a casting with which to patch cylinders or junctions of pipes), take a piece of sheet-lead, and hammer it lightly with a round pene-hammer, closing it round the casting until it will, by stretching where it is requisite, conform strictly to the shape of the surface, however irregular it may be. The moulder can then cast a patch from the sheet-lead, making-it of any required thickness.

Wooden Patterns

These should never be left in the foundry, where they are liable to warp from the excessive range of temperature.

How To Prevent Cinders Getting Between The Necks Of Rolls

Bore grooves out of the bearings, 1 1/2 inches wide and 1/3 inch deep and 1 1/2 inches apart, put them at an angle of 45° with the face of the brass, and fill up said grooves with soft Babbitt metal. Then when cinder or iron gets in, it will travel but a short distance before it reaches the soft metal, and the motion of the roll will imbed it therein so that it can not protrude and score the neck, as it would were it to stick in the brass.

How To Remove Rust From Small Hollow Castings

Dip in dilute sulphuric acid 1 part commercial acid to 10 water; wash in hot lime-water, and dry in the tumbler with dry sawdust.

Sands And Facings For Castings

For castings, such as pipes or small cylinders, fine sand, termed No. 1, is used, the facing being plumbago. A good facing for loam castings is made of 1 part Whitehead sand to 3 parts fire-sand. For very fine-faced castings, Albany or Waterford sand is unsurpassed. Another facing for fine castings is 1 part of sea-coal to 8 or 10 of Albany sand; for heavy castings, however, 1 to 5 will answer