400. The culture of the gardens of large country villas only differs from that of smaller ones in being on a larger scale; and neither possess any features to distinguish them from the general culture of gardens, the details of which will be given briefly in the after part of this work. The green-house plants used for bidding out must be raised from cuttings, and kept through the winter; and the kitchen garden and orchard must contain a sufficient quantity of vegetables and fruit to supply the wants of the family.

401. The management of the pleasure-grounds and shrubbery differs, however, when a horse or cow is kept, in requiring more care. Both cows and horses are very fond of tearing branches off trees when they can reach them; and hence, nothing is more common in fields where horses or cows have grazed, than to see what is called the browsing line; that is, all the trees look as though their lower branches had been sheared or cut off, at exactly the same distance from the ground. Nothing can have a more harsh and disagreeable appearance than this line, and yet it it very difficult to prevent it; the only way, indeed, is to surround the trees with guards (see p. 264. to p. 267.); hut even these are not always efficacious, and they are not at all ornamental. Many persons, to avoid this unpleasant appearance, plant no trees in the paddock where the horse or cow is to graze, and separate it from the shrubbery by an iron fence. Others do not suffer their cows to grace at all, but keep them constantly in the cow-house, and feed them with cut grass, grains, and hay.

402. The management of cows, when kept in the field, is very simple; as they require scarcely any other care than milking at regular times, and taking care that they have an abundant supply of water. Cows are very particular in having clean water; and where there is a pond, they generally go into the deepest part before they attempt to drink. They like to chew the cud in the shade; and if there are no trees in the paddock where they graze, they should have an open shed to afford them shelter during the hottest part of the day. A cow is seldom healthy if she is kept always in the same field, as she is very delicate in her appetite, and does not like grass that has been trodden down or lain upon, till it has quite recovered itself. She also requires long grass, as she twists the grass round her tongue before she bites it, instead of nibbling it like sheep and horses. The cow dung should also be spread with a fork; as, unless this is done, strong, common grass will spring up from every place where a patch of cow dung has lain, and this grass no cow will eat.

Cows kept in a field, should not be put in a cow-house at night; as they are very apt to take cold if kept in a warm cow-house all night, and turned out about sun-rise. They are peculiarly sensible to all changes of temperature, espe-dally from heat to cold. They also give less milk when kept in the cowhouse all night, and turned out in the morning; as they will seldom eat dry food when they have been used to grass. It is also a well-known fact that grass about sun-rise, when the dew is just evaporating, is very unwholesome for cows, and very apt to make them what is called hoven, or blown. Before sun-rise, while the dew is on the grass, it is not unwholesome; and hence cows which sleep in the field are always found by the dairy-maid, when she goes to milk them at sun-rise, to have finished their morning meal, and to be standing, chewing the cud. When, on the contrary, they are turned out at sun-rise, they are too hungry to wait, and they begin to eat the grass immediately. '