The cineol diminished in amount as the time of distillation proceeded, but phellandrene was present in fair amount in all the samples.

(e) For Perfumery Purposes. - Another important direction in which certain Eucalyptus oils are now employed is in the perfumery industry, for scenting soaps, and for similar purposes.

One of the most frequently occurring constituents in Eucalyptus oils is the acetic acid ester of geraniol, usually associated with the free alcohol. Like all other constituents occurring in Eucalyptus oils, geranyl-acetate reaches a maximum in one species, in this case E. Macarthuri, where it is found in both the leaves and the bark. This Eucalypt probably supplies the only instance on record .where geraniol occurs in the bark of a big tree in sufficient quantity to permit of its extraction on a commercial scale, and is another illustration of the diverse nature of the oil products obtainable from the genus.

This diversity in constitution is also illustrated with the product of E. citriodora, a species which yields an oil consisting almost entirely of the aldehyde citronellal. This oil is in considerable request for perfumery purposes and is employed for the production of the corresponding alcohol citronellol, which substance has even a more pronounced rose odour than has geraniol.

The aldehyde citral also occurs in the oils of a few species, most abundantly in that of E. Staigeriana.

Other odoriferous constituents are the ketone piperitone, a commonly occurring substance in the oils of the "Peppermints"; and the aldehyde aromadendral which is present in those of the typical "Boxes" and associated "Gums." The former constituent is found in quantity in the oil of E. dives and other species, and the latter in those of E. salubris, E. hemiphloia, E. rostrata and oils of that class.

The second and third hour oils of E. Australiana should also be of value for perfumery purposes, as they contain terpineol and geraniol as well as esters. Terpineol like geraniol is a common constituent in Eucalyptus oils.

(d) Other Uses. - Besides the applications enumerated above, the various Eucalyptus oils are utilised in other directions, and find employment in the manufacture of a large number of proprietary articles, as well as in the soap-making industry, the preparation of disinfectants, and as solvents.

As far back as 1862 a number of experiments were undertaken to determine the value of Eucalyptus oils as solvents for resins, and a table is published in the Technologist, 1863, p. 13, giving a list of these results. Experiments were also carried out at that time to investigate their use for illumination instead of kerosene, and with considerable success.

As illustrating the possibility of manufacturing new products from various Eucalyptus oil constituents, piperitone may be mentioned; this ketone occurs so abundantly in the oils of some species, E. dives particularly, that it could be supplied in tons if required, consequently it can be produced at a comparatively low price. It has been shown that thymol can readily be manufactured from it, and menthone also, consequently it should not be a very difficult problem to produce menthol in commercial quantities from Eucalyptus oil.

This result is an illustration of the economic possibilities which the constituents of Eucalyptus oils offer for scientific research, and for manufacturing purposes. (See also the article on piperitone in this work.)

The economic use to which the water remaining in the tanks and digesters, after the leaves have been distilled, might also be mentioned. This residual water contains a considerable amount of tannin and other substances extracted during the distillation, and has been found a useful substance for the prevention of scale in boilers. At some of the distilleries this water is concentrated by evaporation, and placed on the market in that condition.

The ash of the leaves has manurial value, and contains a good percentage of potash and phosphoric acid. The commercial ash obtained by burning the spent leaves of E. polybractea, at Wyalong, N.S.W., gave us the following results after fully carbonating; calculated on anhydrous material.

The potash, as K2O, was thus 17.97 Per cent., and the phosphoric acid, as P2O5, 3.87 per cent.

In the Bulletin of the Imperial Institute, Vol. XVII, No. 3, p. 284, will be found an analysis of the ash of the young leaves and twigs of E. globulus. The potash in this, as K2O, was 10.5 per cent., and the phosphoric acid, as P2O5, 2.35 per cent., whilst over 50 per cent. of the ash consisted of calcium carbonate.