* "The Muscular Motions of the Human Body," by Dr. John Barclay, Edinburgh, 1808. "Illustrations on the Power of Compression and Percussion on Rheumatic Gout and Debility of the Extremities," by Dr. Balfour, Edinburgh, 1809. "A Full Account of the System of Frictions as adapted and pursued with the greatest success in cases of Contracted Joints and Lameness from various causes, by the late eminent surgeon, John Grosvenor, Esq., of Oxford," by William Cleobury, 1825. "Therapeutic Manipulations or Medical Mechanics," London, 1840, by Ling's Swedish pupil, Indebetou.

In the latter part of the sixties Swedish medical gymnastics received a noteworthy reinforcement. About this time Dr. Gustaf Zander began to construct, and to give treatment by means of, his most ingeniously thought out apparatus. (Some people, I know not why, have a certain objection to calling these apparatus machines, although they are partly driven by steam.) By means of these apparatus, movements of all kinds are given : active movements, most concentric and eccentric resistance movements, movements regulated by balance wheels, passive movements. Some of the apparatus concern massage; of these the vibrators in particular work excellently. On the whole one may say that the Zander "medico-mechanical" method aimed at and succeeded in partially replacing manual work in the Ling treatment by apparatus and steam power. Moreover, in some - for example, in the rhythmical movements regulated by balance wheels - it has gone beyond Ling's manual treatment. Although I cannot refrain from expressing my opinion that the Zander treatment, as well as the manual method, is in these days and by many of my colleagues too highly estimated in regard to its therapeutic range, I will also express my hearty recognition of the great talent of the inventor, of the inherent importance of the subject, and especially of the service it has rendered in spreading the knowledge of mechano-therapy.

During the last quarter of the eighties massage reached a secure position in the medical world, especially in the Germanic and Scandinavian countries. A whole literature arose in which certainly a great many literary products of very minor importance may be found. Meanwhile, many seriously helped on mechano-therapy, e.g., Mosengeil, Zabludowzki, Schreiber, Reibmayer, Nebel, Hoffa, Maggiora, Dujardin-Beaumetz, Keller, Gopadse, Bum and others. I, too, have a right to claim a place for my own name in this catalogue, chiefly because of the influence the German and English editions of my "Manual of Massage" have exercised on the position of this treatment in Europe and America, and because the Swedish editions have now for close on twenty years been the chief printed guide for students of this subject. In England, however, massage is much less used than it should be, and much less than it is in Germany and Austria.

In the United States of America massage is somewhat more used. The quality of its exponents varies much, as almost everything does in this rapidly developing giant community; a considerable number of the workers are Swedish men or women, more or less fully trained "medical gymnasts." On the whole their work is beneficial. I would point out in this connection that a masseur or gymnast may be excellent in his practical work, be he ever so ignorant of theory. One of the best-known and best Swedish "gymnastic directors" believes that when he kneads the abdomen he transfers the patient's digestive juices by his nerves to his own abdomen, but in spite of this absurd idea he kneads the abdomen to perfection. In the United States there are many workers who practise a more or less rational massage to which they give the peculiar name "osteopathy." They are almost all very ignorant of anything but the purely mechanical work, but with that often obtain very good results.

Among the first doctors who used massage extensively in the United States was the elder Sayre. Weir-Mitchell, in Philadelphia, by the weight of his authority has greatly helped the spread of massage, which plays an important part in his well-known rest and feeding cure. His son, John K. Mitchell, has written an important work on massage.

It may also be interesting to glance at mechano-therapy, especially massage, as a "popular remedy," in which character we find it more or less general and more or less developed amongst all the races of the world.*

In Europe massage is found everywhere, and many "wise men" (or women) in the country or in towns have it to thank for their best "miraculous cures." It seems most general in our part of the world among races of Mongolian origin. Amongst the Hungarians and Finns it is still much used along with baths, and besides this is met with in many forms (especially as "abdominal kneading"). Amongst the Lapps I have seen it used for "rheumatic" affections of muscle.

In Africa general massage is used along with baths by races on the outskirts of civilisation (as it is by all "Oriental " nations); local massage is also used. Some French authors (Sere, Quesnoy) assert that massage exists amongst all the black races. Amongst the savages of the interior and the south it does not seem to be in very general use; although at times in accounts of travel one sees statements which point to its existence.+

In Asia massage is widespread, is definitely developed amongst the higher races, and is performed by skilled workers. The conditions are the same among the Chinese, where, as with us. barbers especially dabble in this treatment. Travelling in Japan one may often see blind individuals in the evenings strolling about the streets in the large towns, now and then announcing their presence to the public by blowing a few notes on a little pipe. These are the humble masseurs of Japan, who arc not at fault as regards their touch, but who have probably an even scantier supply of knowledge than their European colleagues "the gymnasts." One of my friends, who for several years resided in Japan as a doctor, during a visit to a tea-house complained of constipation, and was astonished by the kindly offer of a waitress to remove his trouble by abdominal massage. The conditions among the Hindus are similar.++ Dr. H. Stolpe of Stockholm, who took a number of interesting photographs in India, showed me one taken at the river bank in Benares of a Brahmin whose leg is being massaged by another dark-skinned individual, probably a "professional." The Malays, too. use massage extensively (Pidget-ten).§

* Bartels has published an essay (Leipzig, 1893), "Die Medizin der Naturvolker," which I have not been able to obtain. I have contented myself with the above short miscellaneous notes on massage among foreign races.

+ Thus Charles John Anderson, in his work " Lake Ngami," mentions a proceeding Used by the Namaqua doctors which is evidently a kind of abdominal massage.

++ Hunerfauth : "Geschichte der Massage," Berlin, 1886, see p. 8 on Dr. Stein's experience in Java.

§ " Athenaeum of Rational Gymnastics," Berlin, 1854, Bd. iv.