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Massage And Medical Gymnastics | by Emil A. G. Kleen



Massage and Physical Exercises have formed a branch of medical and surgical treatment from time immemorial and in all countries, a fact demonstrated by Dr. Kleen in his historical introduction ; and Dr. Kleen's work is a classic upon the subject which deserves the widest possible circulation throughout the world. Its translation into English may therefore be welcomed as a very real step in the diffusion of scientific knowledge upon these methods of treatment. Naturally the author's views will receive criticism when they come to be read by English-speaking people. Swedish methods of massage and gymnastics are not universally accepted as gospel. Sound and considered criticism is healthy, and Dr. Kleen would himself be the last to raise objection to it. But the great scientific work that has been done by the Swedish schools during the last hundred years has undoubtedly done more to place this branch of treatment upon an acknowledged footing than has that of any other group of workers.

TitleMassage And Medical Gymnastics
AuthorEmil A. G. Kleen
PublisherJ. & A. Churchill
Year1921
Copyright1921, J. & A. Churchill
AmazonMassage and medical gymnastics

Massage And Medical Gymnastics

By Dr. Emil A. G. Kleen

With Contributions By Dr. J. Arvedson Dr. P. Haglund Dr. E. Zander

Translated By Mina L. Dobbie, M.D., B.Ch. Medical Officer, Chelsea Physical Training College With A Foreword By Reginald Gheyne Elmslie M.S. Lond., F.R.C.S. Eng. Major R.A.M.C.(T.) ; Orthopaedic Surgeon, St. Bartholomew's Hospital

With 182 Illustrations

Second Edition

Massage-And-Medical-Gymnastics-book-cover

London

J. & A. Churchill

7 Great Marlborough Street 1921

To My Valued Friend Professor John Berg This Work Is Dedicated, As A Tribute Of Esteem And Affection, By Emil A. G. Kleen.

-Foreword
Massage and Physical Exercises have formed a branch of medical and surgical treatment from time immemorial and in all countries, a fact demonstrated by Dr. Kleen in his historical introduction ; and D...
-Preface
I am issuing now a thoroughly revised and improved Swedish edition of my text-book, which has been the chief guide to doctors, medical students, masseurs, and medical gymnasts in Scandinavia, for more...
-Introduction
From time immemorial people of all races have had some idea of the hygienic and therapeutic importance of physical exercise. Gymnastics in some form has therefore always been used, sometimes as exerci...
-Introduction. Part 2
* Prosper Alpinus: De re Medica Egyptorum, 1591. Regarding ancient European mechano-therapy, see C. Keyser's Latin translation of Flavius Philostrates, Heidelberg, 1840; CEuvres d'Oribase, Bussem...
-Introduction. Part 3
Towards the end of the eighteenth century there was a great development of gymnastic activity in Germany, but practically only in educational gymnastics. From 1770, it may be reckoned, many became ins...
-Introduction. Part 4
We have, therefore, every right, on account of Ling's character and of his important life work, apart from his very good work as a poet, to include him in the number of our really great men. His worth...
-Introduction. Part 5
Ling, as was a priori to be expected, and as far as one can decide from his indefinite statements, assigns to mechano-therapy all that belongs to it and a good deal more, but in this respect neverthel...
-Introduction. Part 6
* The Muscular Motions of the Human Body, by Dr. John Barclay, Edinburgh, 1808. Illustrations on the Power of Compression and Percussion on Rheumatic Gout and Debility of the Extremities, by Dr. B...
-Introduction. Part 7
The aborigines of America are not entire strangers to massage. It is found among the Redskins of North America, although it seems to play no essential part in their therapy.* Further, one hears of it ...
-Introduction. Part 8
It is, however, better that massage and medical gymnastics should be carried out by some one accustomed to it and with sufficient knowledge in his own line. Such a worker must know a certain amount of...
-Introduction. Part 9
The law, however, says nothing about massage, which is well. And massage constitutes more than 90 per cent of this work. But the Centralists will not recognise the word massage, because it apparen...
-Introduction. Part 10
The Government met them so far as to appoint a Committee and to exclude from this Committee the man most distinguished in Sweden for knowledge of the subject and most dangerous to the Centralists. ...
-Chapter I. The Meaning Of Massage And Its Technique
Massage * means a manipulation or handling of the soft tissues by movable pressure in the form of stroking, rubbing, pinching, kneading or beating performed with a therapeutic aim. This is generally a...
-The Meaning Of Massage And Its Technique. Continued
For such knowledge, besides the above-mentioned studies, the power of palpation is necessary; skill in this respect is the masseur's most difficult task, and can only be acquired and maintained by pra...
-Tapotement
Tapotement (Figs. 19 - 22) consists of manipulations which aim essentially at mechanical stimulation of muscles or nerves; these manipulations are all characterised by their blow - like nature and are...
-Massage Techniques. Part 2
Some masseurs make use in other forms of massage of small wooden wheels, straps, brushes, gloves, sponges; the latter or metal wheels are used at times to give electric treatment along with massage. M...
-Massage Techniques. Part 3
There are many different forms of massage according to the anatomical conditions. Generally massage is local and is applied only to a small part of the surface of the body, but it may also be applied ...
-General Massage
General Massage*, during which the patient lies undressed in bed (and should always be massaged by some one of the same sex), comprises the greater part of the body, begins with the extremities, and o...
-Chapter II. The Physiological And General Therapeutic Effects Of Massage. Effleurage
In describing the physiological and general therapeutic effects of massage it is convenient to consider each class of manipulation to some extent separately. Effleurage accelerates the circulation ...
-Effects of Massage. Effleurage. Continued
The different forms of sensibility in the skin are affected by all manipulations, but especially by effleurage. In this, as in all other directions, the Germans have been active, and their description...
-Effects of Massage. Friction
Of the various massage manipulations, however, friction has the greatest power of causing the absorption of inflammatory products, especially of cellular inflammatory products (apart from pus). Thi...
-Effects of Massage. Petrissage
Petrissage shares the effects of friction and of tapotement. Pinching produces the same effect as a blow on muscle. A local contraction arises, shown by the thickening of the muscle at the spot pinche...
-Effects of Massage. Tapotement
Before I consider tapotement as a means of mechanical stimulation I must first remark that all forms of tapotement are powerful means of promoting absorption, as is the case with the three manipulatio...
-Effects of Massage. Abdominal Massage
Abdominal massage, as technically described in the last chapter, is an extremely valuable form of massage. It is, however, much less valuable for its effect upon the glands of the digestive apparatus ...
-Effects of Massage. General Massage
General Massage consists of effleurage, petrissage, and tapotement. It comprises massage of the greater part of the extremities and of the trunk, as well as abdominal massage or abdominal kneading, wh...
-Effects of Massage. General Massage. Part 2
For the rest I agree with Carl Rosenthal that by experiments with massage one finds that pressure generally rises with slowing of the pulse and falls when the beat is more frequent. The innervation...
-Effects of Massage. General Massage. Part 3
By means of Mosso's plethysmographical method, Zabludowski made experiments on the vaso-motor reflexes in massage (from one arm or leg to the other arm), and in most cases he found a widened, in oth...
-Effects of Massage. General Massage. Part 4
When a cannula is placed in the carotid of a dog or rabbit and connected with a manometer a definite rise of blood pressure is seen during abdominal kneading, chiefly due to direct and reflex stimulat...
-Chapter III. Contra-Indications To Massage
A considerable number of diseases and abdominal conditions contra-indicate or limit the use of massage when it would be otherwise indicated. There may be contra-indications to all massage, or more oft...
-Chapter IV. The Meaning And General Technique Of Medical Gymnastics
Medical Gymnastics is a therapeutic treatment by systematic exercise of the organs forming the motor apparatus of the body.* These, again, consist of the skeletal muscles, which by their contractions ...
-General Technique Of Medical Gymnastics. Part 2
Resistance movements may be of two kinds. They may be performed so that the patient performing the movements overcomes the external resistance (of a gymnast, machine, or weight), so that the patient's...
-General Technique Of Medical Gymnastics. Part 3
(1) Introductory exercises, (2) Leg exercises, (3) Span-bendings, (4) Abdominal movements, (5) Heave movements, (6) Shoulder-blade movements, (7) Breathing exercises, (8) Alternate-sided trunk movemen...
-General Technique Of Medical Gymnastics. Part 4
Asymmetrical movements arc those in which the sagittal planes for the head and trunk do not lie in the sagittal plane of the fundamental position throughout the whole movement, or in which the extremi...
-Chapter V. The Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Movements And Gymnastics
Muscles, by which term I here denote only the fleshy part of the muscle, not the tendons, display, while living, three properties most important to our understanding of the physiology of muscle - exte...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 2
[This tone is not only recognised by the obviously stronger tension of the muscle between its origin and insertion when waking, for tone during sleep is weakened, and under a strong narcotic is done a...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 3
With regard to muscles passing over several joints the same rule may not apply, and the results vary with the positions in which the muscle contracts. Rectus femoris always extends the knee joint, and...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 4
In our physiological laboratories we stimulate muscle by chemical, thermal, mechanical, and electrical means, but generally by electrical, and preferably by the faradic current, if we wish to study ot...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 5
The strength of the muscular contraction diminishes markedly to the extent the muscle tires. Muscular fatigue is recognised by weaker contractions, and at the maximum degree of fatigue voluntary impul...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 6
Our motor apparatus is constructed, owing to the short leverage of the muscles (especially in the extremities, but also on the trunk), more for quick than for strong movements. If, as an example, we s...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 7
But as soon as we enter into further details in these cases, and especially as soon as the question affects the neighbouring areas, we find it difficult to form certain and definite ideas. We know too...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 8
Such venous pumps are found in many places - in the thigh, popliteal space and lower leg, in the arm, forearm and hand, near the lower jaw, clavicle, etc. The femoral vein is affected as above desc...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 9
We now assume on good grounds that there is a direct stimulation of the respiratory as of the cardiac nerve centres, caused by the above-mentioned substances, and have discarded the former explanation...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 10
The rapidity of the blood stream in the vessels is increased by active exercise. The increased strength and frequency of the heart-beat assists in this, also the increased positive pressure in the aor...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 11
I have already spoken of the influence of the muscles upon the circulation, which among other things is concerned with the distribution to the whole organism of the oxygen with which the blood has bec...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 12
With regard to the physiology of respiration, we entirely discard the unlikely theory of secretion (by means of the epithelium of the lung), and explain the interchange of gases between the blood an...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 13
Physical exercise plays a most important part in regard to our need for food, in that it greatly increases this need apart from the question of body weight. Other causes of increase, such as cold, mal...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 14
Theoretically we must distinguish between mass and weight. The mass is the measure of the resistance offered by a body to the force which is required to alter its state by movement; the mass of a body...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 15
Physical exercise strongly influences the quantity of blood in the skin and its secretory functions, which are increased. Perspiration, as already said, may reach a very high amount. After physical ex...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 16
The greater the proportion of one of the three substances of which the food taken consists, the more is the use made of this substance increased, which is shown partly by respiration and partly (with ...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 17
The relation between that part of the whole energy produced which becomes heat and that part of it which becomes work varies enormously according to the kind of work. By comparisons, in regard to this...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 18
Evaporation both by the skin and lungs is reckoned by Rubner at 558 calories during rest; by Helmholtz from the lungs alone it is reckoned at 397.5 calories. Evaporation from the skin varies accord...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 19
The expenditure per km. an hour for a person weighing 70 kilos was - For a journey of 3.6 km. 40.3 calories. 6.0 ...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 20
It is now necessary to add the presence in the spinal cord of small sensory intermediary neurons (Sehalt neurons), through which the sensory nerve fibres coming from the spinal ganglion cells in the...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 21
The trophic condition of the neurons depends partly upon the stimulus to which they respond with their specific energy (sensation, movement, secretion, vascular contraction or dilatation), and in th...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 22
What Bell called the muscle-sense is supplied really by sensory nerves from the skin, tendons, muscles, and joints. The nerves from the skin and their end bulbs indicate to us our various movements ...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 23
In the anatomical, physiological, and pathological conditions referred to above we find to a certain extent an explanation of the action of what the Germans, especially the mechano-therapeutists, call...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 24
Assistive exercise treatment, as with all exercises, assumes some functional power, as the practice consists of a systematic exercise of the functions. Thus in pareses we are able to exercise the inju...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 25
Passive movements have a far less extensive physiological, and therefore also a far less extensive therapeutic, effect than active movements. Passive movements cannot claim any important value as r...
-Physiological And Therapeutic Effects Of Gymnastics. Part 26
Passive movements form a part, along with active movements, holdings, massage and orthopaedics, of the treatment of certain deformities, particularly of scoliosis or spinal curvature, which is extreme...
-Chapter VI. Power Of Work-Test Of Work-Under-Work-Normal Work-Over-Work And Strain
In the preceding chapter we have seen that the power of a muscle for work, other things being equal, is in direct proportion to its thickness, but also that other things never are equal, and that in a...
-Work-Test Of Work-Under-Work-Normal Work-Over-Work And Strain. Continued
This explanation of the above-mentioned phenomena does not damage the probable hypothesis that every calorie consumed within the organism gives the same work value, and that only the external expressi...
-Chapter VII. Contra-Indications To Gymnastics
Medical gymnastics includes movements which vary from the most careful passive movements in a single joint (for contractions in the same) to the extensive severe marching of terrain cures (for obesi...
-Chapter VIII. Standing Position And Walking
In standing the line of gravity falls inside, and as nearly as possible through the centre of the supporting surface. This surface is bounded posteriorly by a line drawn through the tuberosities of th...
-Standing Position And Walking. Part 2
In any standing position, whether easy or forced, the weight of the body is borne by the lower tarsal joints and is transferred from them to the tuberosities of the os calcis rather than to the heads ...
-Standing Position And Walking. Part 3
At the end of the first period when the heel of the swinging leg first touches the ground the ankle joint is slightly plantar flexed, the knee almost straight, and the hip somewhat flexed. The forward...
-Standing Position And Walking. Part 4
The swinging movement of the posterior leg during the periods which, with Dalla Rosa, I have named the third and first has hitherto been considered essentially a pendulum movement in accordance with t...
-Chapter IX. Technique Of Swedish (Manual) Medical Gymnastics And The Effect Of Special Exercises
By Dr. J. Arvedson. Introduction I agree with Dr. Kleen in considering that by gymnastics is meant the exercise of those parts of the body belonging to its motor apparatus, and that medical gymn...
-Classification Of Movements
From a gymnastic point of view movements are divided into Active and Passive. By active movements we mean those in which the patient's muscles are innervated and brought into action. By passive ...
-General Effects Of Movements. Effects Of Active Movements
(a) The blood supply and nutrition of the working muscles are increased because the nutrient arteries as well as the vessels within the muscles dilate. At the same time metabolism and production of he...
-Effects Of Passive Movements
(a) Mobility of joints is increased by stretching the shrunken joint capsules, contracted muscles, adhesions between tendons and their surroundings, etc. (b) Venous circulation is aided by alternat...
-Gymnastic Apparatus
The apparatus used in medical gymnastics is particularly simple, and can, if necessary, very well be replaced by ordinary furniture or improvised apparatus. The most usual are : - Low plinth. ...
-Starting Positions
In order that a movement may always be performed in the same way, and thus have a definite and measurable effect, it is given from a definite starting position, which, as far as the character of the m...
-Fundamental Positions
Standing Fundamental Position Standing Fundamental Position (Fig. 33). - In taking this position - 1. The heels must be together in the same frontal plane (in cases of knock-knee this is not pos...
-Derived Positions
In the derived positions the same muscles of course work as in the respective fundamental positions, and the above effects already ascribed to the former belong also to the latter. ...
-I. Positions Derived From The Standing Fundamental Position
A. By changing the Position of the Legs. Close-standing 1. Close-standing. - Arises by rotating the legs inwards in the hip joints, so that the inner borders of the feet touch. The working mu...
-B. Positions derived from Standing by changing the Position of the Arms
In most of the positions belonging to this group the posterior shoulder muscles contract more strongly than in the Fundamental position, so that they also produce a stronger expansion of the thorax. ...
-Positions derived from Standing by changing the Position of the Arms. Continued
Reach-standing 7. Reach-standing. - Arises from the fundamental position by bringing the arms forward to the horizontal plane. The shoulders are lowered and drawn back; they must not be raised or p...
-C. Positions derived from Standing by altering the Position of the Trunk
Stoop-standing 1. Stoop-standing (Fig. 47). - Arises by letting the trunk fall forward, chiefly at the hip joints. In this the body must be carried slightly backward (plantar flexion of the ankle j...
-II. Positions derived from Knee-standing
In the same way as from standing a number of positions can be derived from the Knee-standing Fundamental position by altering the position of the arms, legs, or trunk. In the practice of medical gy...
-III. Positions Derived From Sitting. A. By Altering The Position Of The Arms
Wing Yard Heave Reach-grasp Neck-rest Stretch Sitting. They arise in the same way as the corresponding derived positions from standing, and have the same effects and uses. B. B...
-IV. Positions Derived From Lying. A. By Altering The Position Of The Arms
Wing Neck-rest Stretch Lying. B. By altering the Position of the Legs. 1. Stride-lying. - Used in massage treatment of the inner side of the thigh, perineum, etc. 2. Crook-lying. - Arises fro...
-V. Derived Positions From Hanging
1. Arch-hanging (Fig. 55). - Taken on a horizontal boom at the height of the patient's head or chest (easier in the former). Hands (pronated) are placed on the apparatus as in Hanging position, aft...
-Leg Movements
Leg movements, as a rule, deplete the head and upper part of the body. They also have the above-mentioned general effects of active movements. It should be noted that most leg movements do not in any ...
-Leg Movements. Part 2
Half-lying Sitting Foot-rolling. Half-lying Foot-rolling (Passive) (Fig. 57). - Gymnast's position and placing of foot similar to Foot-bending-stretching. With one hand the leg is fixed just abo...
-Leg Movements. Part 3
Lying Half-Lying Str grasp-lying Str. -grasp-standing Str.-hanging (2) double Knee-updrawing and -down-pressing. Lying Knee-Updrawing And-Downpressing The gymnast stands at the side of the pa...
-Leg Movements. Part 4
D. Combined Extension in Hip and Knee. Half-lying (really Half-crook-half-lying) Leg-outstretching (Fig. 63). - The gymnast stands at the side of the patient and grasps with one hand the dorsum of ...
-Leg Movements. Part 5
Effects Of The Various Starting Positions (a) Reach-grasp-standing facilitates the movement, partly because balancing is unnecessary, partly because the patient can help with the arms. (b) Reach...
-Leg Movements. Part 6
Hanging Leg-Parting And -Inpressing Practically similar to the preceding. Used for children in scoliosis treatment. High-Reach-Grasp-Standing Leg-Outward-Carrying And -Inpressing (Fig. 69). - Th...
-Leg Movements. Part 7
Half-lying Stretch-grasp-arch-half-crook-standing Leg-rolling. Half-lying Leg-rolling (Fig. 71). - Is a passive movement. The gymnast stands in stride-standing position, obliquely in front of th...
-I. Movements in Humero-Scapular Joint. A. Abduction and Adduction (round the sagittal axis)
Sitting Arm-Carrying-Outward And -Inward The patient's arm is flexed to a right angle in the elbow joint. The gymnast with one hand grasps the patient's hand, with the other gives resistance at the...
-B. Arm-flexion and extension (round the frontal axis)
Standing 2 (Double) Arm-Lifting-Forward-Downward Usually taken as a free exercise, but can also be a resisted movement. In that case done with one arm at a time, usually in sitting or lying positio...
-C. Rotation (round the vertical axis)
Sitting Arm-rotation-outward-inward (Fig. 77). - If possible the patient's arm must be abducted to horizontal plane. Elbow flexed to a right angle. The gymnast's one hand grasps and supports the elbow...
-II. Rotation Of Scapula In Acromio-Clavicular Joint
Yard-standing Yard-sitting Reach-standing 2 (double) Arm-lifting and -lowering (to horizontal plane). Yard-standing and Reach-standing 2 Arm-lifting are free movements. Yard-sitting 2 A...
-III. Combination Of Movements In All Joints Of Shoulder
St. 2 Arm-carrying-forw.-upw.-outw.-downw.; St. 2 Arm-carrying-outw.-upw.-outw.-downw. - Free movements. Done in time with breathing three to six times. (N.B. - When the arms have reached stretch posi...
-IV. Combination Of Movements In All The Joints Of The Shoulder Girdle With Flexion And Extension Of Elbow
Free-standing Stretch-half-lying Stretch-stride-sitting Stretch-stoop-stride-sitting Stretch-lying, or stretch-sit-lying Stretch-leg-forward-lying 2 (double) Arm-bending and -stretch...
-Head and Neck Movements
These movements take place in the joints between the cervical vertebrae and in the atlanto-occipital joint. Practically they take place round three axes (frontal, sagittal and vertical), so that we di...
-Active Trunk Movements
The trunk movements proper take place in the joints of the lumbar and dorsal regions of the spine. Each of these joints has a very limited movement, but by combining their power of movement quite a la...
-I. Exercises with Work chiefly for Flexors of Trunk Abdominal Muscles
Most of the movements under this heading take place also in the hip joints and give work to the flexors of the hip. They are also, as regards both effects and uses, similar to the Movements for flexo...
-II. Exercises For Extensors Of Trunk, I.e., Back Muscles
The movements belonging to this group all give work to the extensors of the hip; but they are classed with the trunk movements, because the trunk is the part of the body moved. Their common effects...
-II. Exercises For Extensors Of Trunk. Continued
For working muscles, effects and uses, see starting position. (N.B. - Careful correction each time. First correct the position of the lumbar spine, then of the shoulders, and finally of the head.) ...
-III. Movements For Side Muscles Of The Trunk
By side muscles are meant all the muscles going lengthwise and lying on the same side of the middle line, both at the back and front. We divide the exercises for these muscles into two large groups....
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk
If the pelvis is firmly fixed, e.g., in High-ride-sitting starting position, rotations of the trunk take place, as already described, chiefly in the joints between the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth dor...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 2
Free movement. The patient turns himself alternately to the left and right. The muscles (rotators of the trunk and pelvis) work as described above, only concentrically. It is usually performed slowly,...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 3
Because the resistance is in front, and because of the Fall position, respiration is somewhat impeded, less so the firmer is the support in the back. It is not used, therefore, for weak patients. Is s...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 4
Wing-stride-standing Wing-loin-lean-stride-standing Wing-high-ride-sitting Spring-sitting Trunk-rolling. Trunk-rolling can be done actively as well as passively, but as the passive form is most use...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 5
Wing-Arch-High-Knee-Std St. Screw-twisting (Fig. 114). - Patient kneels on a plinth. Gymnast stands behind in step-standing position and grasps the axillae from below. Otherwise like the preceding. ...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 6
When the movement is given as a respiratory exercise the strap is not used round the hips, but the gymnast controls the movement with one hand on the patient's abdomen so that it is not pushed too far...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 7
Reach-grasp-standing Reach-grasp-sitting Back-hacking (Fig. 120). Given rather strongly, either lengthwise, with one hand on either side of the spinous processes, or diverging, more or less transve...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 8
Sacral-beating (Fig. 123). In the first two positions the patient usually turns the heels slightly out. The gymnast stands at the side of the patient and with one hand supports the patient's abdome...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 9
Crook-Half-Lying Lumbar-Side-Shaking The gymnast places the hands immediately over the patient's iliac crests and performs shaking by alternately and quickly carrying the hands backward and forward...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 10
Crook-Half-Lying Under-Kidney-Tremble-Shaking Given to one kidney at a time. The gymnast places both hands close together and side by side against the front of the patient's abdomen about 6 cm. bel...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 11
Abdominal massage is very much used, not only in treatment of diseases of the digestive organs, but also in many forms of general weakness and disturbances of nutrition or circulation, especially of t...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 12
Some reminder of those places where the more important nerves may be most easily met with and are accessible to treatment may here be given. Supra- and Infra-trochlear Nerves are met with behind th...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 13
General Soothing Strokings These are given over the whole body while the patient lies with the arms close to the sides and eyes shut. They begin at the crown of the head and are continued down the ...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 14
Exercises which Increase the Mobility of the Joints of the Spinal Column, and thus prepare for and facilitate Scoliosis Treatment. 1. All Forms of Hanging, especially hanging in a head-suspension A...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 15
Fig. 133. 2. (Left) Neck-firm (Left) Side-leg-lying Correction with pressure + Side-arch - Leg - Lying Holding (Fig. 133). - When the patient has been placed in the starting position the gym...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 16
B. Exercises which partly Stretch the Ligaments and Soft Parts on the Concave Side, and partly Work the Muscles of the Convex Side in strong Shortening. 1. (Right-) Neck-firm-h.-r.-s. Side-bending ...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 17
D. Exercises which Correct by Pressure the Deformity of the Thorax and also the Curves. Hanging Correction With Pressure On Both Curves And Counter-Pressure On Front Of Thorax Given like the cor...
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 18
A. The General Circulatory Exercises may be divided into : - (a) Exercises which stimulate the Heart to stronger Contraction, and consequently aid Circulation, especially in the arteries. 1....
-IV. Exercises For The Rotators Of The Trunk. Part 19
In drawing up such a table care must be taken : - 1. That the strength of the treatment is carefully adapted to the patient's strength. 2. That movements with similar effect are not placed immed...
-Chapter X. Methods Of Medico-Mechanical Gymnastics
By Emil Zander. I. Technique The main principles in the technique of Swedish medical gymnastics are localisation of movement, i.e., to restrict it to a definite joint and group of muscles, and i...
-Methods Of Medico-Mechanical Gymnastics. Part 2
This example illustrates the co-operation between primary (motor) and secondary (static) muscle work. The localisation of the muscles in secondary action is not always so limited; there are cases wher...
-Methods Of Medico-Mechanical Gymnastics. Part 3
The other purpose of the lever is to fulfil the requirement just explained, i.e., that the resistance must be varied during the performance of the movement. This is made possible by the fact that the ...
-Methods Of Medico-Mechanical Gymnastics. Part 4
Pendulum Apparatus. Pendulum movements are brought about by the patient himself performing the described movement, thus setting in motion the apparatus, of which the swinging part (balance-wheel or...
-II. The Treatment Of Heart Disease
The medico-mechanical treatment of heart disease is, like the manual, founded partly on physiology and partly on experience. For the sake of clearness and to avoid repetition I will only mention the c...
-II. The Treatment Of Heart Disease. Continued
To fulfil these indications medico-mechanical gymnastics makes use of various passive and active exercises (E6, C6, E7, C7, C8, Cl, C2, C5) already mentioned. Rhythmical manual compression of the ches...
-III. Treatment Of Scoliosis
The rational treatment of scoliosis (in the following pages only non-tubercular conditions are considered) requires the assistance of many methods. First among these is gymnastics. Other therapeutic f...
-III. Treatment Of Scoliosis. Part 2
Measurement is performed thus : - First those points of the trunk which are to be measured are marked upon the patient's skin with Indian ink. These are: seventh cervical vertebra; the whole line of t...
-III. Treatment Of Scoliosis. Part 3
Apparatus for Passive Correction. Kl. Side-hanging (Fig. 160). - The reclining board, a, of the apparatus is movable round an axis in its upper edge, and can be placed at various angles of inclinat...
-III. Treatment Of Scoliosis. Part 4
Fig. 163 is an example of the use of the measurement diagram in connection with K2. The patient with a left lumbar curvature deeply inclined towards the pelvis rests on his left side with the curve ag...
-III. Treatment Of Scoliosis. Part 5
Fig. 167 is a diagram of the technique of K5. The lines representing the position of the pressure cushions indicate the height of pressure - on the right side 47, and on the left 33. As the patient is...
-III. Treatment Of Scoliosis. Part 6
B4. Hip-downpressing is the converse of B3. The apparatus has a lever provided with a tread-iron, which is pressed upward by the weight lever of a shunting mechanism. The patient places his foot on ...
-III. Treatment Of Scoliosis. Part 7
L2 (Fig. 173) is not really an apparatus, but a support arrangement for some free active movements. It consists of two padded plinths, at the end of one of which is a foot support resembling the ancie...
-III. Treatment Of Scoliosis. Part 8
L4. Pelvis-carrying-forward or -backward. - The apparatus consists of a chair gliding over a frame which stands on the floor. This frame can be adjusted on a slope forward or backward by the insertion...
-Chapter XI. The Use Of Medical Gymnastics And Massage In Orthopaedics
Torticollis - Scoliosis - Contractures of Joints - Paralytic Joint Deformities - Congenital Luxation of the Hip - Flat-Foot - Congenital Club-Foot. By Patrik Haglund, MD. In orthopaedics, the st...
-Use Of Medical Gymnastics And Massage In Orthopaedics. Continued
The somewhat indefinite term deformity, the meaning of which is seldom defined in the same way in two different books, but which is now more generally limited to congenital or acquired faulty positi...
-A. Deformities Of The Spine. I. Torticollis
Torticollis, or Caput obstipum (the permanent crooked position of the head, which consists of bending of the head to one side, rotation to the opposite side, with the chin raised and the back of the h...
-II. Other Deformities of the Spine
Concerning the treatment of the various scolioses and kyphoses by massage and gymnastics I may here speak quite briefly. The great importance - in certain cases the paramount importance - of medical g...
-II. Other Deformities of the Spine. Part 2
The strength of the medical gymnast is, moreover, by no means sufficient. High degrees of scoliosis with definite changes in the soft parts and bones require much greater force for their effective cor...
-II. Other Deformities of the Spine. Part 3
If the immediate results of even the most energetic scoliosis gymnastics are not too brilliant in a bad case, it is all the more important to find means to maintain the result attained. With the knowl...
-II. Other Deformities of the Spine. Part 4
The opponents of the fixation treatment, on the other hand, feared the muscular atrophy which was bound to follow such long-continued fixation, and they considered that in practice they had found that...
-B. Deformities Of The Extremities. I. Anchylosis and Contracture of Joints
In true anchylosis of joints, in which formation of bone or connective tissue and cartilage have caused a growing together of the articular surfaces of the joints, medical gymnastics and massage play ...
-II. Paralytic Joint Deformities
Although paralytic deformities consist of joint contractures and arise in consequence of various forms of paralysis, and therefore form part of the joint contractures already under discussion,...
-II. Paralytic Joint Deformities. Continued
* We see here what great importance muscles in their healthy condition have in the development and maintenance of normal form and function. The deformity depends upon lost equilibrium between muscl...
-III. Congenital Dislocation of the Hip
In congenital dislocation of the hip also it may be said that better methods of treatment in recent years have brought with them a better outlook. Medical gymnastics and massage have also come into fa...
-IV. Flat-Foot
Since, not only among the general public and medical gymnasts, but also among doctors, misconceptions arc frequent in regard to this common deformity, which has generally gone under the unsuitable nam...
-IV. Flat-Foot. Continued
Pure flat-foot without eversion in the ankle joint (pes planus) arises as an anatomical variation, as a family or race peculiarity, but seldom gives rise to weight pains. And by investigations in armi...
-V. Congenital Club-Foot
Since congenital club-foot is of a very different nature to that of paralytic origin, the treatment of the latter being carried out on the same lines as that of any other paralytic deformity, a few re...
-Chapter XII. Bones And Joints - Scoliosis And Flat-Foot
We know that physical exercise is necessary to develop and maintain the normal size, firmness, and shape of the bones, and that in this respect gymnastics has a prophylactic and hygienic value. We hav...
-A. Acute Non-Traumatic Affections
1. Causes unknown. 2. Metastatic and bacterial arthritis. 3. Secondary arthritis (lymphangitis, erysipelas, phlegmon). All those acute affections which are not caused by trauma we classify fu...
-B. Chronic Non-Traumatic Joint Affections
The most general, and from our point of view the most important, are the first three in the following list: - 1. Chronic serous synovitis, hydrops articuli, hydrarthron, Water in the joint. 2....
-After Sprains or Wrenches
After Sprains or Wrenches, i.e., after violent, generally passive movements which, though beyond the normal limits, have stopped before causing a dislocation, we find the joint acutely inflamed and th...
-After Sprains or Wrenches. Continued
A great many of the Non-traumatic Joint Affections are caused by acute exanthematous fevers and other infectious diseases. With metastatic or bacterial affections of the joint there is almost always a...
-Fluid in a Joint
Fluid in a Joint (Chronic Serous Synovitis) is a very common complaint, which every experienced practitioner has seen and treated many times. Most of these cases have to do with the knee, and throw...
-Primary Chronic Progressive Arthritis
By the term Primary Chronic Progressive Arthritis is generally understood nowadays a joint affection beginning, as a rule, at forty to fifty years of age, without fever and chronic. Its development ...
-Chronic Rheumatism of Joints
In the term Chronic Rheumatism of Joints I include, as is now becoming general, the condition following rheumatic fever. In these cases there has always been fever, often frequent attacks of fever, we...
-Rheumatic And Deforming Spondylarthritis
I refer my readers to the works of Hedenius, which have saved me much literary work. He distinguishes in these cases between rheumatic and deforming spondylarthritis and gives the following scheme and...
-Arthritis Deformans
By Arthritis Deformans * is understood nowadays any affection of a joint which side by side with retrogressive changes leads to real hypertrophy of bone and cartilage, i.e., to rounded knob-like forma...
-Gouty Arthritis
Gouty Arthritis is not one of those joint affections for which massage is of great curative value. There is no hope that massage can have any effect on the deposits of uric acid and urates which are t...
-Neuroses or Neuralgia of Joints
Neuroses or Neuralgia of Joints are affections in which great pain is present in the joints either on movement or at rest, though no pathological anatomical foundation can be discovered. Of late years...
-Neuroses or Neuralgia of Joints. Part 2
While one presses the capsule against the underlying bone with the fingers of one hand and with the other performs slow passive movements of the joint, one feels the nature of the synovial membrane as...
-Neuroses or Neuralgia of Joints. Part 3
I omit for want of space the resting positions and the common positions of contracture and mention here the desired positions (for contractures and anchylosis) of the remaining large joints. They are ...
-Neuroses or Neuralgia of Joints. Part 4
With muscular contractures at the ankle the required right angle, or a certain amount of dorsal flexion, is often most easily attained by walking on sloping ground. Fixation in extreme positions can a...
-Neuroses or Neuralgia of Joints. Part 5
As soon as it is a question of promoting retrogressive changes, the breaking up, and, finally, the absorption of the pathological tissue elements, frictions are the most useful manipulation. When one ...
-The Shoulder Joint
The Shoulder Joint is often the seat of trauma, and, especially at clinics attended by manual workers, many such cases are found, generally contusions and dislocations. Contusions usually affect th...
-The Elbow Joint
The Elbow Joint is very often the seat of trauma, especially in the icy land of Sweden (in which, moreover, at least half the working population are every now and then unsteady on their legs through d...
-The Wrist
The Wrist, or rather the upper and lower carpal joints, except in cases of sprain due to excessive palmar flexion, which are not uncommon and arc easily cured, generally comes under treatment as a res...
-The Hip
The Hip comes under massage treatment more rarely than any of the other large joints. Before beginning such treatment it is of the first importance to make sure that no tubercular coxitis is present. ...
-The Knee Joint
The Knee Joint provides the masseur with an enormous amount of work. Among the non-traumatic affections tuberculosis is very common, and as long as it is present as such is a noli me tangere for th...
-The Knee Joint. Continued
* See, for example, Ferd. Schulze,Arch. f. Orthopaed. Mekanoth. and Unfallschirurgie,' 1903. Om traumatiska meniskrubbningar i knaleden, Emil Bovin. Akad. afh. : Upsala, 1903. Some doctors trea...
-Sprained Ankle
Sprained ankle is generally the result of violent excessive inversion, and comparatively seldom the result of violent eversion. It is worth while to consider in which joint the excessive movement take...
-Tibia And Fibula Fracture
In fracture of both tibia and fibula the treatment with plaster of Paris is the same, but lasts about twice as long. After two or at most three weeks the plaster, which has been converted into a capsu...
-Ice. Cold compresses
Ice-bags are only used in acute inflammation and in traumatic and other acute forms of synovitis. They undoubtedly help to soothe pain, and under some conditions have the antiphlogistic effect general...
-Baths. Showers
Local hot water, sand, and mud baths are used to promote absorption only after or during chronic torpid processes, and are excellent treatment much less generally used than they deserve. The water bat...
-Passive Hyperaemia
Passive hyperaemia so produced is a very general mode of treatment, not only of diseases of joints, but also of other affections, especially those of bones. Soft indiarubber tubing is used for the hip...
-Injections
There are still various kinds of injections to be considered. Intra-articular injection, which is now considered somewhat antiquated, is used in obstinate cases of hydrarthrosis, generally with tin...
-Aspiration
The method of aspiration, which should always be followed by syringing, is chiefly distinguished from injection in that it aims at removing the fluid which is mixed with pathological elements. It is a...
-Plaster of Paris
Plaster of Paris is constantly being used in the treatment of affections of joints and ligaments. I merely remind my readers of the above-mentioned method of stretching shortened muscles by fixing the...
-Scoliosis and Flat-Foot
The following notes on scoliosis and flat-foot are really designed to give the masseur and medical gymnast an easily-acquired foundation for his knowledge of the subject. It would be advisable for doc...
-Scoliosis and Flat-Foot. Continued
I wish to point out to my readers that it is not well for people with no medical training (masseur-gymnasts) to undertake the treatment of cases other than those of the first, or possibly slighter cas...
-Flat-Foot. Pes Planus and Valgo-Planus. Weak Foot
Flat-foot is, possibly with the exception of slight scoliosis, the most common deformity. In most cases the deformity is due to the fact that the weight of the body falls on the feet, and it arises...
-Chapter XIII. Muscles, Tendons, Tendon Sheaths, Fascia And Bursae
Massage and gymnastics have an important influence in counteracting the atrophy of muscles caused by orthopaedic treatment, or any other treatment necessitating the use of bandages. They are therefore...
-Muscles, Tendons, Tendon Sheaths, Fascia And Bursae. Part 2
In some cases there are symptoms of diminished elasticity and loss of functional power. I may remind the reader of rheumatic torticollis due to myositis in the scaleni and sterno-cleido-mastoid on o...
-Muscles, Tendons, Tendon Sheaths, Fascia And Bursae. Part 3
* Contribution a l'etude du rheumatisme museulaire, by Dr. (Gustaf Krikortz, These : Paris, 1900. Traumatic myositis occurs generally in the extremities, the shoulder, or the gluteal region; it i...
-Chapter XIV. Skin And Subcutaneous Tissue
Massage is of value in some skin affections. There are, however, contra-indications. For deep effleurage in particular the skin must be in tolerably good condition, and this manipulation is impossible...
-Chapter XV. Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, And Ears
Massage of the nose, gullet, larynx, and ears has much in common in regard to technique and pathology. It is also performed by the same specialist, and may therefore be suitably considered together. ...
-Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, And Ears. Part 2
Breitung connected the nasal sound with an electrical apparatus to give vibrations. Some specialists use an oval lenticular, rather thickly-covered rubber capsule, which is inserted into the nose and ...
-Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, And Ears. Part 3
During the last quarter of a century Urbanschitsch, Politzer, Lucae, Delstanche, Hegener, and many others have introduced and upheld massage in the treatment of diseases of the ear. Ear massage con...
-Nose, Pharynx, Larynx, And Ears. Part 4
All these manipulations are used for chronic catarrh in the inner ear, for adhesions in the auditory chain of bones and in sclerosis in the middle ear, because in one way or another they set in moti...
-Chapter XVI. The Eye
Ever since 1870 when massage was introduced by such an influential advocate as Donders it has been employed by eye-specialists; he used it, as Heiberg of Christiania did shortly after him, for corneal...
-The Eye. Continued
Massage of the eyelid is often performed in the same way by kneading it against the eyeball. If it is a question of changes in the edge of the eyelid, this is kneaded from the external to the internal...
-Diseases of the Conjunctiva. Chronic Catarrhal Conjunctivitis
* As this work is partially intended for medical students who have not yet completed their ophthalmic studies, I give in every form of the disease mentioned in this chapter a short summary of the most...
-Croupous and Diphtheritic Conjunctivitis
According to Ohlemann, among other treatment of these diseases is included massage upon the everted conjunctiva with 3 per cent. yellow precipitate ointment. Spring Catarrh* (Saemisch) - Summer Con...
-Granular Conjunctivitis, or Trachoma
Trachoma is an infectious chronic conjunctivitis, causing hypertrophy of the conjunctiva, with the formation of a velvety development of papilla-on the tarsal conjunctiva and of characteristic greyish...
-Phlyctenular Conjunctivitis Strumous
On the conjunctiva of the eyeball in the region of the limbus (sometimes on the cornea itself = phlyctenular keratitis) are to be found one or more round elevations as large as (pustular) or smaller t...
-Diseases of the Cornea
Opacities It was for opacities of different kinds in the cornea that massage was first used in modern ophthalmic surgery, and it is in this condition that we at present best know its value. Here to...
-Diffuse Parenchymatous Keratitis
The results vary enormously, and massage for diffuse parenchymatous keratitis is only applicable after the acute stage is past. Acute Phlyctenular Keratitis has for a long time been treated by mass...
-Diseases of the Sclerotic Coat. Episcleritis (or the external form of Scleritis
A circumscribed inflammation, arising often as the result of rheumatism, with infiltration and sero-fibrinous exudation in the external layer of the sclerotic (and in the deeper layer of the conjuncti...
-Diseases of the Eyelids. Ectropion
An abnormal position of the eyelid, usually the lower lid, which does not touch the ball with the whole of its mucous membrane, but to a larger or smaller extent is turned outwards in mild cases so th...
-Internal Diseases of the Eyeball
In treatment of cataract massage now takes a place for several conditions. Junge, Chopin, Becker, and others order it to aid absorption after discission, just as it is used for infantile soft cataract...
-Massage of the Cortex, or Massage for the ripening of Cataract
Massage is part of the means by which one attempts to shorten the time which passes between commencing opacity of the lens, with consequent interference with vision, and the ripening of the cataract...
-Disease of the Orbit
Tenonitis (of the right eye), or that disease to which this name is usually applied, was treated by Gradenigo * with massage. The case presented marked exophthalmos and a hard, resistant prominence of...
-A. The Heart
In my chapter on walking (p. 156) 1 have already referred to it as the best form of gymnastic exercise in diseases of circulation, respiration, and metabolism. Systematic prescribed walking on level a...
-A. The Heart. Part 2
(1) Patients must walk every day, preferably at two distinct times, separated by not too short a rest, on the prescribed terrain as far as they can without over-fatigue. No one better than the patient...
-A. The Heart. Part 3
In advanced cases of valvular incompetence, especially in the aortic valves, some doctors are so much impressed by the quick bounding pulse, by the fear of haemorrhage, etc., that they are opposed to ...
-A. The Heart. Part 4
Doubtful cases where one fears that the terrain-cure, in which the patient necessarily is left to his own judgment, might cause paralysis or rupture of the heart, are suitable for treatment in medico-...
-A. The Heart. Part 5
With all this in mind I have never made use, either in the treatment of heart disease or of obesity, of extreme limitation of the daily quantity of water taken; I generally consider 15 c.c. of urine i...
-B. Diseases Of The Lungs
Under the influence of the terrain-cure, aeration of the lungs, as we have seen (page 101), is greatly increased by increase in the amount of the inspired and expired air, and the muscles of inspirati...
-Chapter XVIII. Digestive Organs And Abdomen
If gymnastics are infinitely more important than massage in regard to the internal organs of the thorax, heart, and lungs, quite the opposite conditions obtain in the case of the digestive organs with...
-Stomach Dilatation. Atony of the Stomach
Dilatation (and Atony) of the Stomach in those cases where it is not connected with malignant growths and when no other contra-indications are found, should decidedly, in my opinion, be treated by mas...
-Chronic Colitis
Chronic colitis with diarrhoea can also be treated by massage exactly similar to that which I have described with regard to chronic constipation. Similarly massage in these cases is best as an accesso...
-Chronic Gastric Catarrh
Chronic Gastric Catarrh is treated by some doctors with massage, which has its enthusiastic advocates in this as in all other departments of medicine. But it is not going too far to say that, in the a...
-Nervous Diseases of the Stomach and Intestine
To all who have occupied themselves at all with abdominal diseases, and especially with neuroses of this group, it is clear that at present it is not possible definitely to decide the effect of massag...
-A. The Female Sex Organs
Gynaecological massage, so much used over the greater part of Europe, and partly even in North America, was originally introduced by the well-known Major Thure Brandt,+ who died in Stockholm towards t...
-Exudations and Infiltrations in the Pelvis
Among the diseases of women which lend themselves best to massage * are the parametritic and perimetritic exudations and the inflammatory products, more or less remote from the original disease, which...
-Exudations and Infiltrations in the Pelvis. Continued
Shortly before I gave my definite opinion that these cases were in every respect unsuitable for treatment by massage except by a gynaecologist, a German colleague sent me for treatment a young woman i...
-Chronic Metritis
Extravasations in the true pelvis respond to massage in the same way as exudations, and massage is now constantly used for retrouterine haematocele, and in the treatment of extravasations the same rul...
-Prolapse of the Uterus and Vagina
In order correctly to understand Brandts treatment of prolapse of the uterus, in which the actual massage manipulations are less important than the other manipulations and a particular kind of local ...
-Prolapse of the Uterus and Vagina. Continued
There still remains, however, a not unimportant part of the treatment. The patient must be instructed on getting up in the morning and after going to bed, as well as several times during the day, to e...
-B. The Urethra, Bladder, Testicles, And Prostate Gland
Some diseases of other parts of the uro-genital apparatus have been treated by massage. These are : - Organic Stricture of the Urethra Geyza Antal used massage through the perineum along with th...
-Chapter XX. The Nervous System
During the last ten years massage of the peripheral nerves * has become much more extensively used, since the diagnosis of neuralgia is so often replaced by that of neuritis, for which the benefits of...
-Parenchymatous Neuritis
Pure parenchymatous neuritis which is a degenerative process whereby the myelin sheath and the axis cylinder lose their outline and gradually become granular and indistinct, till at last they are de...
-Supra-Orbital Neuralgia Or Neuritis
Supra-orbital neuralgia or neuritis (with or without symptoms of migraine *) is a nerve disease which often gives pronounced phenomena on palpation. Such cases require very careful examination on the ...
-Sciatica
Sciatica is now generally treated by massage in all Teutonic countries, and there are many reports concerning the value of the treatment, which has markedly increased the prospect of recovery. We m...
-Diseases of the Central Nervous System
In diseases of the Central Nervous System massage and gymnastics play nowadays important parts. The brilliant results obtained by Frenkel's compensatory gymnastics in cases of ataxy with tabes have ma...
-Gymnastics and Exercises
I. Exercises In Lying Position A. Flexion and extension of hip joint with extended knee (i.e., with straight leg). B. Flexion of hip joint, immediately followed by flexion and extension of the k...
-Coordination (Occupation) Neuroses (Benedikt)
The spastic, trembling or paralytic changes, which arise in one or more groups of muscles owing to constant fatigue and one-sided work of the upper (less often the lower) extremity, are in many instan...
-Chorea
* I mean exclusively the usual chorea (chorea minor), whether single or double-sided, and not the prominent motor symptoms, known as chorea major, present in marked psychoses, hysteria, simulation, et...
-Neurasthenia
The massage treatment of neurasthenia consists of vibrations on the head and spine, and, especially when there are peripheral nerve symptoms, of general massage, modified according to the peculiaritie...
-The Weir-Mitchell Treatment
This consists of complete rest in bed, isolation, high feeding, massage, and electricity. * Dr. Weir-Mitchell of Philadelphia has the honour of having introduced this simple and well-arranged treat...
-The Weir-Mitchell Treatment. Continued
I give instead a mixed diet, which in cases of disturbances of digestion at the beginning follows exclusively Leube's diet-sheets arranged for patients with gastric ulcer.++ Among these is unskimmed n...
-Chapter XXI. Disorders Of Nutrition
In the preceding chapters we have seen that medical gymnastics and massage have a great effect on local and general nutrition. We know that effleurage has an important effect on the local circulation ...
-Obesity
We do not understand the cause of the great variation in the amount of fat present in different individuals; to my knowledge no comparative investigation has been made between naturally thin and natur...
-Gout
Our treatment of gout is based largely upon practical experience, since our knowledge of the disease itself is even more limited than in the case of other dystrophies. It has long been a matter of com...
-Diabetes
It has long been known that active exercise of the muscles decreases the amount of glycosuria in diabetes mellitus. This idea has been enlarged upon by Bouchardat (1841), by Kulz (1874), and by von Me...
-Congenital Disturbance Of Nutrition In Infants
General massage, especially when combined with careful abdominal kneading, should be of great value in those cases of congenital disturbance of nutrition in infants in which growth is unsatisfactory i...
-Poisoning
The relation of massage to the treatment of poisoning has for long been an open, but as yet an almost unexplored, field of discovery, which may be expected to be productive. The physiological effec...
-Books
No. 4. J. & A. Churchill Recent Works for Students and Practitioners of Medicine. London: 7, Great Marlborough Street. July, 1922. Index Page 2 Anatomy. Physiology. 3 Mater...
-Anatomy. Physiology
The Principles of Anatomy as Seen in the Hand. By P. Wood Jones, D.Sc., M.B., B.S., Professor of Anatomy, University of Adelaide. 125 Illustrations. 15s. net. The Anatomy of the Human Skeleton. ...
-Materia Medica. Pharmacy
A Text=Book of Pharmacology and Therapeutics. By A. E. Cushny, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., Professor of Pharmacology in the University of Edinburgh, etc. Seventh Edition. 71 Illustrations. 24s.net. Materia...
-Hygiene. Bacteriology
The Health of the Industrial Worker. By B. L. Collis, M.D., Professor of Preventive Medicine, Welsh National School of Medicine, and Major Greenwood, M.R.C.P., M.R.C.S., Medical Officer, Ministry o...
-Pathology. Psychology. Dictionaries
Pathology, General and Special, for Students of Medicine. By E. Tanner Hewlett, M.D., F.R.C.P., D.P.H., Professor of Bacteriology, Univ. of London. 37 Plates and 14 Illustrations in Text. Fifth Editio...
-Medicine
The Practice Of Medicine. By the late Sir Frederick Taylor, M.D., F.R.C.P. Twelfth Edition. Revised by Drs. E. P. Poulton, C. P. Symonds, and H. W. Barber, Physicians, Guy's Hospital. 87 Illustrations...
-Surgery
Surgery. Edited by G. E. Gask, C.M.G., D.S.O., F.R.C.S., and Harold W. Wilson, M.S., MB., F.R.C.S., Surgeons, St. Bartholomew's Hospital. With 39 Plates, 20 in colour, and 467 Text-figures. 30s. net. ...
-Anaesthetics
The Operations of Surgery. Sixth Edition of Jacobson. By R. P. Rowlands, M.S.Lond., F.R.C.S., Surgeon, Guy's Hospital, and Philip Turner, M.S., F.R.C.S., Surgeon, Guy's Hospital. 2 vols. 797 Illust...
-Urinary Disorders. Neurology. Tropical Diseases
An Epitome of Mental Disorders. A Practical Guide to AEtiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment. By E. Fryer Ballard, M.B., B.S., Capt., R.A.M.C., Medical Officer in Charge of Observation and Mental Block, 2...
-Midwifery. Gynaecology
The Difficulties and Emergencies of Obstetric Practice. By Comyns Berkeley, M.D., F.R.C.P., Obstetric and Gynaecological Surgeon, Middlesex Hospital, and Victor Bonnet, M.D., F.R.C.S., Assistant Ob...
-Medical Jurisprudence. Ophthalmology. Dermatology
Medical Jurisprudence: its Principles and Practice. By Alfred S. Taylor, M.D., F.R.C.P., F.R.S. Seventh Edition, by Fred. J. Smith, M.D., F.E.C.P., Physician to, and Lecturer on Forensic Medicine at, ...
-Otology. Paediatrics. Dentistry
The Labyrinth of Animals, including Mammals, Birds, Reptiles, and Amphibians. By Albert A. Gray, M.D.(Glas.),. F.R.S.E., Surgeon, Victoria Infirmary, Glasgow. Vol. I, with 31 Stereoscopic Plates. 2...
-Chemistry
A Text-Book of Practical Chemistry. By G. F. Hood, M.A., B.Sc, Chemistry Master, Nottingham High School, and J. A. Cakpenter, M.A., late Science Master, St. Paul's School. With 162 Illustrations. P...
-Chemistry. Physics
The Fundamental Processes of Dye Chemistry. By H. E. Fierz-David, Professor of Chemistry at Federal High School, Zurich. Translated by F. A. Mason, Ph.D. With 45 Illustrations, including 19 Plates....
-Physics. Microscopy. Miscellaneous Books
A Handbook of Physics and Chemistry for the Conjoint Board. By H. E. Corbin, B.Sc.Lond., and A. M. Stewaet, B.Sc.Lond. Fifth Edition. 200 Illustrations. 12s. 6d. net. A Treatise on Physics. By Andr...







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