Peptic Ulcers sometimes occur in the upper end of the duodenum close to the pyloric orifice and also in the lower portion of the esophagus.

Atrophy of the glands results from chronic inflammation and is also found in old age and in cases of pernicious anemia.

Fatty metamorphosis of the glandular epithelium may follow phosphorous poisoning or occur in the course of severe infectious diseases. The mucous membrane is duller and more yellowish than usual on account of the fat within the cells and interstitial tissues.

Amyloid change is present chiefly in the muscularis, but also to a slight extent in the mucosa. It generally first appears in the walls of the smaller arteries of the submucosa.