A Manual Of Pathology | by Guthrie McConnell
The purpose of this volume is not that it shall attempt to take the place of the more voluminous text-books on pathology, but that it shall enable the student especially to rapidly acquire the salient points of a subject. To this end the author has sought brevity, but has tried at the same time not to sacrifice clearness in the exposition of the material. If the student finds that this manual fulfils the above conditions the author will have accomplished his purpose.
| Title | A Manual Of Pathology |
| Author | Guthrie McConnell |
| Publisher | W. B. Saunders Company |
| Year | 1915 |
| Copyright | 1915, W. B. Saunders Company |
| Amazon | A Manual Of Pathology |
By Guthrie Mcconnell. M.D Assistant Surgeon, Medical Reserve Corps, U. S, N.; Formerly Professor Of Pathology And Bacteriology In The Philadelphia Dental College And In The Medical Department, Temple University; Formerly Demonstrator Of Pathologv. Medico-Chirurgical College Of Philadelphia; Formerly Assistant Demonstrator Of Histology, University Of Pennsylvania, Etc.
Illustrated.
Third Edition, Thoroughly Revised.
Preface To The Third Edition- The increasing favor shown toward this manual indicates that it must have fulfilled to a great extent the purpose as first stated, which was that it should present briefly, but yet clearly, those poin...
- Part I - General Pathology. Chapter I. Pathology
- Pathology is that subdivision of biology which has for its object the study of life in its abnormal relations. It is the science that treats of disease in all its aspects. By disease is meant any...
- Temperature
- Following the local action of extreme heat a condition known as a burn results, in which there is relaxation of the blood-vessels, exudation of serum, and possibly of blood. The extent of the injury t...
- Intoxication
- A poison is a substance which when introduced into the living body in a relatively small amount will disturb the structure or functional activity. These substances may be formed within the body throug...
- Strychnin
- Strychnin is selective in its action, in that it stimulates the respiratory centers and the motor nerves. Bromids depress them. Foreign bodies that are not living may cause disease by mechanically in...
- Chapter II. Defects Of Development
- A malformation is any deviation from the normal embryonal development. This may be the result either of some disturbance taking place in the self-developing power of the embryo, or else due to some in...
- Varieties Of Congenital Malformation
- The chief single forms of deviation are divided as follows: 1. Aplasia, or complete failure of development, which may be either general or local. If general, abortion usually results and the embryo i...
- Double Monsters
- In these there is a duplication of the whole body, the halves being attached to each other, or a duplication of either caudal or cephalic end. Such monsters are always of the same sex and are usually ...
- Chapter III. Disorders Of Metabolism
- By metabolism is meant those physiologic processes brought about in living tissue by means of which the individual is able to form new tissue and reintegrate the old. Under this head comes the rejecti...
- Rickets, Or Rachitis
- Rickets, Or Rachitis, is a condition of childhood that is indicated by structural changes of the bones, particularly those of the pelvis and of the lower extremities. It is characterized by an excessi...
- Dyspnea
- Dyspnea is a slight lack of oxygen, sufficient to stimulate but not to depress the respiratory centers. Cyanosis, a bluish color of the skin, particularly of the face, then appearing. Apnea is a condi...
- The Thyroid Secretion
- The Thyroid Secretion, when lessened or absent, gives rise to the condition known as myxedema. In this the skin becomes much swollen and firm, particularly in the region of the face. The skin will not...
- Cretinism
- Cretinism is a very similar but more severe condition resulting from disease of the thyroid during intra-uterine life or in early childhood, usually appearing during the first year. The child does not...
- The Parathyroids
- The Parathyroids are several small pea-like bodies situated close to the thyroid, and histologically resemble the undeveloped thyroid. Their removal is followed by the condition called tetany, which m...
- Diabetes
- Diabetes is a disease in which the carbohydrates are not properly assimilated, and is characterized by the persistent appearance of sugar, chiefly as dextrose, in the urine. In this way it differs fro...
- Eclampsia
- Eclampsia is a condition occurring in pregnant women that clinically seems closely allied to uremia, although it may be present without any albuminuria. When death takes place the liver will show cong...
- Gout Or Podagra
- Gout Or Podagra, is a disease in which there is deposited within the joints, in the articular cartilages, uric acid and its compounds. It generally affects the small joints of the hands and feet, part...
- Constipation, Or Coprostasis
- Constipation, Or Coprostasis, is a condition in which defecation may not be sufficiently frequent, the amount of feces insufficient or abnormally dry and hard. It may be due to deficient motor activit...
- Chapter IV. Circulatory Disorders
- The circulation of the blood is maintained chiefly by two forces - the rhythmic contraction of the heart muscle and the elasticity of the arteries. Other factors concerned are the compression of the v...
- Hyperemia. General Hyperemia
- There may be an increase throughout the body of the total volume of blood. This seldom remains for any length of time, as the various excretory structures of the body get rid of it. The condition know...
- Passive Hyperemia
- Passive Hyperemia is an excess of venous blood in a part. It is the result of a distention of a vein on account of some obstruction to the outflow of the blood. This can be caused by obstruction withi...
- Hemorrhage
- Hemorrhage is the escape of all the constituents of the blood through the walls of the heart or of the blood-vessels. It is divided into three classes, according to the vessel from which it escapes, a...
- Hemophilia
- In it no structural changes in the vessel walls can be demonstrated, but severe bleeding takes place as the result of very slight injuries. In such individuals the hemorrhage resulting from the extrac...
- Spontaneous Arrest Of Hemorrhage
- Spontaneous Arrest Of Hemorrhage takes place in several ways, but depends upon several factors - the direction of the injury, whether transverse or parallel to the axis of the vessel; the size and nat...
- Thrombosis
- Thrombosis is the coagulation of the blood within the vessels during life. It may depend upon changes within the blood, changes in the cardiovascular structures, and diminution of the velocity of the ...
- Metamorphoses Of Thrombi
- The ultimate fate of thrombi depends upon whether they are septic or aseptic. If septic, they must undergo disintegration. If aseptic, they may 4 undergo organization - a condition that is not a trans...
- Infarction
- An infarct is the area of degeneration and inflammation produced by embolism in an end-artery or where there is an absence of adequate anastomosis. The act of obstruction constitutes infarction, and m...
- Edema. Dropsy
- Edema, or dropsy, is an excess of a clear watery fluid within the tissues between the cells. This fluid differs from the blood-plasma in that it has less albumin, is of a lower specific gravity, is ri...
- Chapter V. Retrogressive Processes
- Aplasia signifies a total failure of development of a part. Hypoplasia is an incomplete development. Atrophy Atrophy refers to a decrease in the size and in the functional activity of a part. It may...
- Parenchymatous Degeneration Or Cloudy Swelling
- In it the protoplasm of the cells contains an increased amount of protein substances. It accompanies very slight disturbances of nutrition, such as occur in inflammation, is found in all infectious di...
- Hyaline Metamorphosis
- Hyaline Metamorphosis is a conversion of cells and intercellular substance into hyaline material. The cells of the connective tissue are most frequently involved, but epithelial and muscle cells may ...
- Mucoid Or Myxomatous Metamorphosis
- Mucoid Or Myxomatous Metamorphosis is the conversion of cells and intercellular substances into mucin. Mucin is insoluble in water, but will absorb it; is soluble in alkaline solutions, but is precip...
- The Mucoid Change
- The Mucoid Change looks under the microscope very much like edema. The cells are widely separated and the structure of the tissue is poorly defined. The cells frequently stain poorly and degenerate. ...
- Amyloid Metamorphosis
- Amyloid Metamorphosis is a degeneration of the connective tissues into an abnormal substance giving an amyloid reaction. The origin of this material is obscure. It may be formed in loco, but more prob...
- Glycogenic Infiltration
- Glycogenic Infiltration is a deposit of glycogen within the cells. It is found normally in small amount throughout the body except in the mammary glands and central nervous system. It is greatest in ...
- Serous Or Edematous Infiltration
- Serous Or Edematous Infiltration is a condition of dropsy of the cells. All kinds of cells may be involved, but it is most common in the epithelial. It is an absorption of an excess of plasma by the c...
- Hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin is dark red in color, amorphous, contains iron, and is soluble in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. It is recognized chemically by the addition to the suspected fluid of a few drops of a fres...
- Hemosiderin
- Hemosiderin is yellowish or brownish in color, amorphous, contains iron, and is insoluble in water, alkalis, alcohol, ether, xylol, and chloroform. On the addition of potassium ferrocyanid and weak h...
- Hematoidin
- Hematoidin, similar to bilirubin, is a reddish-brown pigment, found in the form of rhombic crystals; does not contain iron, is insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether, but is soluble in chloroform. It i...
- Calcareous Infiltration Or Calcification
- Calcareous Infiltration Or Calcification refers to the deposit of earthy salts within the tissues. It occurs in consequence of a deficiency of oxygen and an excess of carbon dioxid in the tissue juice...
- Uratic Infiltration
- Uratic Infiltration in the form of sodium biurate occurs in the cartilages and fibrous tissues in gout. Ordinarily the above salt is soluble in the blood, but under certain constitutional conditions i...
- Necrosis
- Necrosis is the death of a part of a living organism. It is the death of a part as distinguished from the death of the entire body (somatic death). The causes of necrosis are (I) local injury, (2) vas...
- Focal Necrosis
- Focal Necrosis is a condition in which minute areas of necrosis scarcely visible to the naked eye occur, particularly in the lymph-follicles and the liver in various forms of severe infection. They ma...
- Molecular Death
- Molecular Death refers to the death of cells. Signs of death are those that indicate that the organism has ceased to live. Cessation of the necessary functions may give rise to apparent death, but wi...
- Chapter VI. Cell Division
- As a result of the tissue injury in disease, repair is brought about by cell multiplication or reproduction. The extent of this regeneration depends upon the degree of specialization of the tissue. T...
- Ciliary Movement
- Ciliary Movement is the result of the presence on the surface of cells of minute, hair-like processes, called cilia. These are prolongations and specializations of the protoplasm. The cilia keep up a ...
- Karyokinesis
- In karyokinesis, or indirect division, the cell goes through a very complicated course of changes of the various elements, probably the result of definite metabolic processes. The changes can best be...
- Chapter VII. Inflammation And Regeneration
- Inflammation is the protective reaction of irritated and damaged tissues which still retain vitality. Etiology The causes of inflammation may be divided into mechanical, chemical, and vital, or ...
- Emigration Or Transmigration Of The Leukocytes
- At first the leukocytes adhere but slightly to the walls of the blood-vessel, assuming a pear shape, the enlarged ends pointing in the direction of the current. In the course of five or six hours all ...
- Inflammatory Exudates
- The products of inflammation are known as inflammatory exudates. A Serous Exudate A Serous Exudate is one that is composed of fluid that has escaped from the vessels. It contains few cells, occurs i...
- The Termination Of Inflammation
- The Termination Of Inflammation depends upon the degree of inflammation and the amount of damage done. It may occur by resolution. This takes place only when the inflammation has been slight. The exud...
- Lymphocytes
- Lymphocytes both large and small, as well as eosinophiles in small numbers, may also be present. Eosinophile cells are actively ameboid and are able to escape from the blood-vessels. As a rule, they ...
- Varieties Of Inflammation
- Inflammation may be - Acute when it arises rapidly, lasts a short time, and destroys tissue. Chronic when arising slowly, lasting a long time, and giving rise to the formation of fibrous connective ...
- Chapter VIII. The Specific Inflammations (Granulomata). Tuberculosis
- Tuberculosis is a specific infectious disease characterized by the formation of tubercles. It is caused by the Bacillus tuberculosis, which is non-motile, non-sporogenous, aerobic, acid resisting, an...
- Leprosy
- Leprosy is a chronic, specific, infectious, inflammatory disease caused by the Bacillus leprae, which is a non-motile, non-sporogenous, acid-resisting, purely parasitic organism. It is pathogenic for ...
- Glanders
- Is a specific infectious disease of horses that is sometimes seen in man as the result of accidental infection. Is caused by the Bacillus mallei, a non-motile, non-sporu-lating, aerobic or optionally...
- Sporotrichosis
- Is a chronic inflammatory process due to the presence of a pathogenic fungus, formed of sporangia and mycelia, the sporo-trichium. These organisms are strictly aerobic; grow on the ordinary culture-me...
- Actinomycosis
- Is a chronic contagious disease of cattle, lumpy jaw, but is sometimes found in man. Is caused by a fungus, probably a streptothrix, the Actinomyces bovis, which is large enough to be seen by the n...
- Mycetoma
- Mycetoma or Madura foot is a chronic specific inflammatory condition caused by the Actinomyces madurce. This organism closely resembles the A. bovis, but the club-shaped extremities are absent and spo...
- Syphilis
- Is a specific, infectious, and very contagious disease of man. By experimental inoculation it has been transmitted to the higher apes and rabbits. Is due to the Treponema pallidum (Spirochceta pallid...
- Secondary Lesions
- From the time the chancre begins to form the spread of the disease begins by invasion of the lymphatics. By the time the chancre is well developed enlargement of the neighboring lymph-nodes can be obs...
- Chapter IX. Progressive Tissue Changes Hypertrophy
- Hypertrophy, generally speaking, means an enlargement or overgrowth of any kind. It is usually divided into true and false hypertrophy, or hyperplasia, as the latter is called. True hypertrophy is a ...
- Chapter X. Tumors Or Neoplasms
- A tumor is an abnormal mass of cells or tissues resembling those normally present, but arranged atypically. It grows without any definite limit at the expense of the organism, without serving any usef...
- Tumors Or Neoplasms. Part 2
- Predisposing Causes Age Certain tumors apparently bear a distinct relationship to the age of the individual. Before thirty years the sarcomata are most likely to appear; after that period, the carci...
- Classification Of Tumors
- The simplest is as follows: I. Histoid. Simple Connective-tissue Tumors Atypical Typical Embryonic type......, .....Sarcoma. Connective tissue. ...
- Tumors Of Embryonal Connective Tissue. Sarcoma
- A sarcoma is a tumor made up of cells that resemble physically those found in embryonal connective tissues. As a rule the greater the departure from the adult cell, the greater is the malignancy. They...
- Round-Cell Sarcomata
- Round-Cell Sarcomata are those made up of either large or small round cells. In the small-cell variety the intercellular substance is very scanty. They are rather soft, whitish in color, friable, and...
- Spindle-Cell Sarcoma
- Spindle-Cell Sarcoma is one that is made up of spindle cells, either large or small. Is one of the commonest forms. These tumors are quite firm, white, and very little juice can be scraped from the c...
- Giant-Cell Sarcoma
- Giant-Cell Sarcoma is one in which there are found cells made up of a large amount of cytoplasm in which are numerous oval nuclei centrally located. The predominating cells may be round or spindle sha...
- Psammoma
- Psammoma is a tumor allied to the sarcoma. It is made up of masses of spindle cells, which contain areas of hyaline degeneration and calcification. Are usually found in the meninges of the brain and s...
- Fibromata
- Fibromata are benign and frequently undergo various degenerations. Occur in all parts of the body, particularly in the uterus, where they attain great size. In this locality are usually combined with ...
- Myxoma
- Myxoma is a benign tumor made up of mucous tissue. Is usually pale in color, round, lobulated, encapsulated, and feels semifluid. On section a thick, viscid fluid exudes. Microscopically spindle and ...
- Lipoma
- Lipoma is a benign tumor made up of fatty tissue. Is yellow in color, round, lobulated, encapsulated, and soft. May be very large. Microscopically the cells resemble ordinary fatty tissue, except in b...
- Chondroma
- Chondroma is a growth composed of either hyaline or fibrous cartilage. Arises from pre-existing cartilages, periosteum, or the medullary substance of the long bones. If it is found in localities wher...
- Osteoma
- Osteoma is a tumor composed of bone. It may be a result of inflammatory processes of the periosteum or be a distinct new growth. If developing from a bone-forming tissue, is called an homologous oste...
- Myoma
- Myoma is a tumor composed of newly formed muscle-fibers. According as to whether the muscle is striped and voluntary, or unstriped and involuntary, we have the rhabdomyoma and the leiomyoma. The firs...
- Neuroma
- Neuroma is a tumor composed of nerve tissue. As the term has been applied to all growths found on nerves, two divisions are made; the true neuroma, which consists of nerve tissue; and the false neurom...
- Hemangioma
- Hemangioma is a tumor made up of blood-vessels separated by a small amount of connective tissue. Angioma Simplex Angioma Simplex or nevus when the vessels are small and 10 very much interwoven. To t...
- Odontoma
- An odontoma, according to Bland-Sutton, from whose work the following is taken, is a tumor composed of dental tissues in varying proportions and different degrees of development, arising from the teet...
- Dental Cysts
- It occasionally happens that in extracting permanent teeth a small fibrous bag is found at the apex of the root, often no larger than an apple seed, though sometimes it may be as large as a bantam's e...
- Tumors Of Epithelial Tissues
- A papilloma is a benign tumor composed of projections of fibrous connective tissue that are covered by one or more layers of epithelium, either squamous or columnar in type. May be divided into the h...
- Hypernephroma
- Hypernephroma are tumors that resemble the cortical portion of the adrenal gland. They probably arise from misplaced portions of adrenal tissue, and, as such rests consist of only cortical elements,...
- Carcinoma. Malignant Tumor Of Epithelial Origin
- A carcinoma is a malignant tumor of epithelial origin. It is characterized by a marked proliferation of epithelium with infiltration into the surrounding tissues. The epithelium is arranged atypicall...
- A Squamous Epithelioma
- A Squamous Epithelioma is a carcinoma that has arisen from a surface covered by stratified epithelium such as skin and certain mucous membranes. It occurs most commonly on the cervix, the skin of the ...
- X-Ray Carcinoma
- As a result of long-continued exposure to the x-ray, chronic dermatitis very commonly develops. The superficial cells become necrotic, but in addition there is an involvement of deeper structures. Nec...
- An Adenocarcinoma
- An Adenocarcinoma is a cancer in which the glandular structure is to a great extent preserved, but the epithelium has taken on a proliferative growth. It either breaks through the basement membrane or...
- Carcinoma
- Carcinoma is more common in women than in men. In women it is in the genital organs; in men, in the intestinal tract. Irritation and injury seem to at least be of some importance as exciting causes, ...
- Chorio-Epithelioma
- The following discussion and classification is taken from Adami and McCrae: To properly understand the formation of the chorio-epithelioma it will be necessary to review briefly the origin of the fet...
- Chapter XI. Infection
- By infection is meant the successful invasion of the tissues by an organism. The mere presence of the living agent within the body is not sufficient to cause infection; it must enter the tissues and g...
- Aggressive Forces
- Certain bacteria, as those of diphtheria and tetanus, are possessed of a very low grade of infectiousness, by which is meant their power of multiplying in the invaded body. The infection is almost alw...
- Toxins
- According to Ehrlich, the following are the characteristics of toxins: 1. They are extremely easily destroyed (labile) substances which occur as secretion products of vegetable or of animal organisms...
- The Cardinal Conditions Of Infection
- Infection can take place only when the micro-organisms are sufficiently virulent, when they enter in sufficient number, when they enter by appropriate avenues, and when the host is susceptible to ...
- Avenue Of Infection
- Local conditions are of the greatest importance in determining the occurrence or non-occurrence of infection. Cholera, typhoid, and dysentery attack the digestive tract alone. The gonococcus apparentl...
- Susceptibility Of The Host
- This varies greatly, some animals readily succumbing to infection by a certain organism, while other animals will be distinctly resistant. This resistance, however, may depend very largely upon the ph...
- Immunity. Acquired Immunity
- By immunity is meant the power to resist invasion by microorganisms with the subsequent development of disease. An individual may be exposed to infection, but on account of some ability present may be...
- Lysins
- Lysins are those antibodies that will cause the destruction of cells, and they receive various names, according to the type of cell acted upon. The destruction is known as lysis. Cyto-lysin is the gen...
- Agglutinins
- When bacteria or other cells are injected into the body there are formed within the serum definite substances, which when brought together with emulsions of the corresponding bacteria will cause the ...
- Precipitins
- It has been found that when an immune serum is brought together with a clear filtrate of a bouillon culture of the organism used for injection, there will appear a turbidity which will collect gradual...
- Complement Fixation
- The well-known Wassermann test for syphilis is nothing more than the application of the complement-fixation reaction to diagnostic purposes. It is a method of making the diagnosis of syphilis by demon...
- Antitoxin Manufacture
- As has been stated, if small doses of some special poison, such as diphtheria toxin, be repeatedly injected into a susceptible animal in increasing amount there will be developed in the blood-serum of...
- Preparation Of Diphtheria Antitoxin
- As similar methods are used for practically all types of toxins, a description of the preparation of diphtheria antitoxin will be sufficient. To obtain the necessary toxin virulent diphtheria bacilli...
- Tetanus Antitoxin
- The method of obtaining is similar to that employed for securing the diphtheria antitoxin, the unit, however, being somewhat different. The use of this antitoxin has not been as satisfactory as that o...
- Preparation Of A Bacterin
- The vaccine is usually prepared from a fresh twenty-four-hour growth of a pure culture of the micro-organism on an agar slant. The growth is scraped off and made into an emulsion with physiologic salt...
- Opsonins
- It has been shown that in the serum of persons convalescent from infectious diseases or vaccinated (by bacterins) against certain infectious diseases substances are present which prepare the micro-org...
- Chapter XII. Bacteria
- These organisms are of interest in that they may be parasitic upon and within the body of man, of the lower animals, and other plants. The less important ones will be presented first, the bacteria bei...
- Bacteria. Part 2
- III. Family Spirillaceae Cells twisted spirally like a corkscrew, or representing sections of the spiral. Division only transverse to the long diameter. 1. Spirosoma Rigid; without flagella. 2....
- Bacteria. Part 3
- Motility The greater number of bacteria are non-motile, but many possess the power of motility as a result of the presence of flagella. Most of the cocci are non-motile. According to the presence or ...
- Chapter XIII. Specific Micro-Organisms. Staphylococcus Pyogenes Aureus
- Staphylococcus Pyogenes Aureus is a non-motile, facultative, anaerobic coccus about 0.8 u in diameter, occurring in groups or singly. Stains with aqueous solutions of anilin dyes and by Gram's method...
- Streptococcus Pyogenes
- Streptococcus Pyogenes is a non-motile, non-liquefying, facultative anaerobic coccus that is about 0.4 to 1u in diameter, that occurs in chains of 10 to 50 members. Stains with ordinary dyes and by G...
- Bacillus Pyocyaneus
- Bacillus Pyocyaneus is an actively motile, flagellated, facultative anaerobic, liquefying bacillus. Is rather short and slender, 0.3 u X 1 to 21 u. Fig. 80. - Staphylococcus Pyogenes Aureus, from ...
- Micrococcus Gonorrhoea
- Micrococcus Gonorrhoea is a non-motile, non-liquefying coccus found in pairs with slightly concave surfaces opposed. From 0.8 to 1.5 u in diameter. Is a purely parasitic organism; is pathogenic for m...
- Diplococcus Intracellularis Meningitidis
- Diplococcus Intracellularis Meningitidis is a non-motile, non-liquefying, optionally anaerobic coccus, found usually in pairs, but may occur in short chains. Is found within the protoplasm of the leu...
- Diplococcus Pneumoniae
- Diplococcus Pneumoniae is a minute, slightly lancet-shaped, non-motile, non-liquefying, optionally anaerobic diplococcus. Usually occurs in pairs, surrounded by a capsule that is not present when the ...
- Bacillus Tetani
- Bacillus Tetani is a motile, flagellated, spcrogenous, liquefying, obligatory anaerobic bacillus. Is found in earth, particularly that which has been manured, and in the discharges from wounds after i...
- Bacillus Tuberculosis
- Bacillus Tuberculosis is non-motile, non-flagellate, non-spo-rogenous, non-liquefying, non-chromogenic, non-aėrogenic, distinctly aerobic, and acid resisting. It commonly occurs in the form of slender...
- Glycerin-Agar
- Glycerin-Agar, except for primary cultures, is the best medium upon which to grow the bacillus, particularly if a little glucose be added. The growth begins as on serum, but the colonies are both larg...
- Bacillus Leprae
- Bacillus Leprae is non-motile, non-flagellate, non-sporogenous, chromogenic, non-liquefying, non-aėrogenic, aerobic, and acid resisting. It very closely resembles the tubercle bacillus in size and sha...
- Bacillus Diphtheriae
- Bacillus Diphtheriae is a non-motile, non-liquefying, aerobic organism from 0.4 to 1.0 u broad, by 1.5 to 3.5 u long, slightly curved and with clubbed ends. Is found in the pseudomembranes of those su...
- Bacillus Anthracis
- Bacillus Anthracis is a non-motile, sporogenous, liquefying, aerobic bacillus, from 1 u to 1.5 u in breadth by 5 to 20 u in length. Has square ends and is found either singly or in long threads. The o...
- Symptomatic Anthrax
- Symptomatic Anthrax is a motile, flagellated, sporogenous, anaerobic, liquefying bacillus about 0.5 u in breadth and 3 to 5 u in length, with rounded ends, found in the lesions of symptomatic anthrax....
- Bacillus Oedematis Maligni
- Bacillus Oedematis Maligni is a motile, flagellated, anaerobic, liquefying, sporogenous bacillus, 0.8 to 1.0 u in breadth and 2 to 10 u in length, with rounded ends. Is found in garden earth, in the i...
- Bacillus Influenzae
- Bacillus Influenzae is a minute, non-motile, non-liquefying, aerobic bacillus found in the discharge from the nose and bronchi of those affected by influenza. Is also sometimes found in the blood. Is ...
- Bacillus Typhosus
- Bacillus Typhosus is a motile, flagellated, non-sporogenous, non-liquefying aerobic, facultative anaerobic bacillus, 0.5 to 0.8 µ broad by 1 to 3 µ long, with rounded ends. Seldom seen in chains. Is f...
- Spirillum Cholerae Asiaticae
- Spirillum Cholerae Asiaticae is a motile, flagellated, non-sporogenous, liquefying aerobic, and facultative anaerobic spirillum; found in short arcs, spirals, and comma forms. About 0.8 µ long. Has ...
- Vibrio Metschnikovi
- Vibrio Metschnikovi is a spirillum closely resembling that of cholera and is found in the feces of chicken cholera. Is somewhat thicker and shorter than the S. cholerae. Growth is very similar to that...
- Treponema Pallidum (Spirochoeta Pallida)
- Treponema Pallidum (Spirochoeta Pallida) is an organism that is generally conceded to be the cause of syphilis. It has been found, by observers in all parts of the world, in the lesions of the primary...
- Bacillus Fusiformis
- Bacillus Fusiformis is a long, rod-shaped organism measuring 5 to 10 by 0.6 to 0.8 µ, slightly swollen in the middle, and pointed at the ends. It stains readily with the ordinary dyes. The majority of...
- Chapter XIV. Parasites
- A parasite is an organism that lives in or upon another. Many are harmless, but some of them are distinctly pathogenic, as they live at the expense of the individual, to the detriment of its well-bein...
- Protozoa
- Definition The protozoa are with few exceptions, unicellular organisms of a primitive type, reproducing by division, by budding, and by spore formation. They consist of protoplasm which is differenti...
- Entamoeba Histolytica
- Vary in size from 25 to 35 µ in diameter. Have a distinct, dense, hyaline covering. The pseudo-pods are large, finger-shaped refractile, and few in number. The granular cytoplasm contains bacteria, st...
- Coccidium Oviforme
- Coccidium Oviforme is an elliptical parasite that is rarely found in the intestines and liver of man, but is common in rodents. It has a distinct double capsule, is found within cells in which it unde...
- The Haemameba Malariae
- The Haemameba Malariae is a unicellular protozoan parasite that, during one cycle of its existence, lives in the blood and brings about a destruction of the erythrocytes. Its other cycle is carried on...
- Life-Cycle Of Plasmodium Vivax (After Grassi And Schaudinn)
- The human cycle is above the transverse line, somewhat rearranged by Kisskalt and Hartmann. The cycle in the mosquito is beneath, 1 to 7, schizogony; 1, sporozoite; 2, entrance of the sporozoite; 3, 4...
- Trypanosomes
- Typical trypanosomes are characterized by a comparatively long, spirally twisted body, 8 to 35 µ, along one side of which is attached an undulating membrane having a cord-like edge that is continued f...
- Tsetse-Fly Disease. "Nagana"
- In this infectious disease of lower animals the blood shows the presence of the Tr. brucei. It is transmitted to healthy animals by the bite of a fly - the Glossina morsitans. Sleeping sickness or hu...
- Piroplasmosis
- Is a group of severe and commonly fatal affections caused by peculiar minute protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Piroplasma. Texas fever is an acute febrile disease of cattle resulting from th...
- Worms
- Cestodes or tapeworms are more or less elongated, flattened, and segmented bodies that attach themselves to the mucous membrane of the intestine by means of suckers or hooklets. They have no alimenta...
- Taenia Solium, Or Pork Tapeworm
- Taenia Solium, Or Pork Tapeworm, is usually about 3 meters long, with from 800 to 900 segments. The head has a rostellum armed with a double row of from 26 to 30 hooklets and four suckers on the sides...
- Cysticercus Cellulosoe
- Cysticercus Cellulosoe is the larval stage of the T. solium. Is an elliptical, translucent, bladder-like structure, 6 to 12 mm. long by 5 to 10 mm. broad, with a white spot at its equator, due to the ...
- The Taenia Mediocanellata (Saginata)
- The Taenia Mediocanellata (Saginata), the beef tapeworm, is the most common variety. It varies in length from 4 to 8 meters, with about 1000 segments. Head is small, is flattened on the top, has no ro...
- The Taenia Echinococcus
- The Taenia Echinococcus in its adult form is found in the intestinal tract of the dog, the larval form occurring in man and some of the lower animals. It is quite short, about 4 or 5 cm. long, and co...
- The Echinococcus Multilocularis
- The Echinococcus Multilocularis is the variety in which there are a great many small cysts surrounded by dense connective tissue. These cysts contain pigment and calcareous matter, but seldom scolices...
- The Dibothriocephalus Latus
- The Dibothriocephalus Latus has for its host some kind of fish, usually the pike. It is the largest of the tapeworms, measuring from 5 to 9 meters in length and having at times as many as 4000 segment...
- The Proglottides
- The Proglottides are broader than long and the uterus, instead of being branched, consists of a tube coiled upon itself in the center. Fig. 113. - Tenia Echinococcus; Enlarged (Mosler and Peiper)....
- The Hymenolepis Nana
- The Hymenolepis Nana, or dwarf tapeworm, is from 2 to 4.5 cm. long. Its head is rounded, has four suckers and a rostellum that may be protruded or retracted, on which is a single circle of from 22 to ...
- The Taenia Cucumerina Or Elliptica
- The Taenia Cucumerina Or Elliptica is the common tapeworm of cats and dogs. Is about 15 to 30 cm. long and has a head with a rostellum possessing 60 hooklets arranged in four rows. The rostellum can b...
- Trematodes, Or Sucking Worms
- Trematodes, Or Sucking Worms, are flattened elliptic organisms that possess a sucking organ at the head end and another on the abdominal surface behind the short neck. They are usually hermaphroditic,...
- The Fasciola (Distoma) Hepaticum
- The Fasciola (Distoma) Hepaticum, or liver fluke, is from 15 to 35 mm. long and 6 to 20 in width. Is pointed bluntly at each end and has two suckers, one at the head, the other on the ventral surface....
- The Dicrocoelium (Distoma) Lanceolatum
- The Dicrocoelium (Distoma) Lanceolatum is about 8 to 10 mm. long, 2 to 2.5 mm. wide. The anterior end is the more pointed. Has two suckers, quite widely separated, and in between them is the genital p...
- The Schistosoma (Distoma) Haematobium
- The Schistosoma (Distoma) Haematobium has two distinct sexual forms, the male and the female. The male is the larger, is from 12 to 14 mm. long and 1 mm. thick. The female is longer and thinner, 16 t...
- The Paragonimus Westermanii (Distoma Pulmonale)
- The Paragonimus Westermanii (Distoma Pulmonale) is a form that has quite frequently been found in Japan and China. Is 8 to 10 mm. long, 5 to 6 mm. wide. Resembles quite closely the liver fluke. Is f...
- Nematodes, Or Round Worms
- Nematodes, Or Round Worms, are long round parasites, are not segmented, are provided with alimentary organs, and the sexes are separate. The life-history, with the exception of the trichina, is compl...
- The Ascaris Lumbricoides
- The Ascaris Lumbricoides is the commonest intestinal parasite in man. The female may be 40 cm. long and 5 to 6 mm. thick; the male 25 cm. long and 2 to 4 mm. thick. The body is brownish and has four ...
- The Oxyuris Vermicularis
- The Oxyuris Vermicularis, Thread or Seat worm, is commonly found in children. Is white in color; the female is from 10 to 12 mm., the male 2.5 to 5 mm. long. The tail of the female is long and taperi...
- The Eustrongylus Gigas
- The Eustrongylus Gigas is a large round worm found in the pelvis of the kidney or ureter, usually in horses or cattle, but sometimes in man. The female is about one meter long and 8 to 12 mm. thick, t...
- The Filaria Medinensis
- The Filaria Medinensis, or Guinea-worm, is a very slender round worm about one meter long. The female only is certainly known. It has a circular oral opening with four hook-lets. The tail is sharply...
- The Filaria Sanguinis Hominis (Filaria Bancrofti)
- The Filaria Sanguinis Hominis (Filaria Bancrofti), as commonly found, is the embryo of a worm that is rarely seen in the adult form. The usual form is the Filaria noctuma. The adult is from 8 to 10 cm...
- The Filaria Perstans
- The Filaria Perstans is a form that is found in the blood at all times, day or night. The embryo alone is known. The Filaria diurna occurs in the daytime only. Filariasis is common in Egypt, India an...
- The Uncinaria (Anchylostoma) Duodenalis
- The Uncinaria (Anchylostoma) Duodenalis is a small round worm found in the upper intestine of man. The male is from 7 to 11 mm. long and 0.46 mm. wide, the female from 7 to 16 mm. long and 0.63 mm. br...
- The Necator (Uncinaria) Americana
- The Necator (Uncinaria) Americana is a closely related worm that is widely distributed in America, particularly in the sandy soil of the southern States. It has a much smaller head, smaller and blunte...
- The Strongyloides Stercoralis (Anguillula Intestinalis)
- The Strongyloides Stercoralis (Anguillula Intestinalis) is a very motile worm, about 2 mm. long, and very thin. Is found in the intestine. The embryos were thought to be a different form of parasite a...
- The Trichinella (Trichina) Spiralis
- The Trichinella (Trichina) Spiralis is a very important parasite that undergoes development in two hosts. It occurs in two forms in man and the lower animals, as an intestinal fully developed worm an...
- Chapter XV. Post-Mortem Examination
- The purpose primarily of post-mortems is to determine the cause of death. Frequently there are found several diseased organs. The question then arises as to the order in which they were involved and f...
- Opening Of The Heart
- Weight 304 gm. This may be done either in situ or after removal from the body. As a general thing, it is best to remove the heart before making any incisions. It is then easier to make the openings, b...
- Removal Of The Lungs
- Weight 1172 gm. In removing the lung all adhesions should be broken up or cut through. It is then drawn forward and downward, the root being grasped from above between the fingers of the left hand. Th...
- Removal Of The Intestines
- The intestines are removed next. The omentum may either be removed when the abdominal cavity is inspected or left till later. It is freed from the transverse colon by dividing it close to the gut with...
- Removal Of The Brain
- Weight, men 1360 gm.; women 1220 gm. To displace the scalp an incision is carried over the vertex from the tip of one mastoid process to the tip of the other. This should be made from within outward, ...
- Removal Of The Spinal Cord
- This may be done either before or after the abdominal and thoracic cavities have been examined. The body is placed prone with the head over the edge of the table and a block under the abdomen so as t...
- Chapter XVI. Laboratory Technic
- Examination Of Fresh Material The examination of fresh material may be made by teasing the tissue in water or, preferably, 0.6 per cent, saline solution. This, however, may not be satisfactory unless...
- Tissue Fixation And Hardening
- If a more exact examination is desired, the tissues must be hardened and fixed. The material should be placed in the fluid used as soon as possible after it has been obtained. The point desired is tha...
- Decalcification
- General Rules The tissue must be well hardened before being put in the decalcifying fluid, otherwise it will be much altered. The formalin method is well adapted and small pieces should be used. An ...
- Embedding Methods
- The purpose of embedding is to give to a tissue a sufficient firmness to permit the cutting of thin sections. Two methods are commonly employed - one with celloidin, the other with paraffin. Celloidi...
- Paraffin Method
- The preparation must be thoroughly dehydrated in absolute alcohol or anilin oil. It is then placed in some fluid that is a solvent of paraffin - xylol or chloroform are commonly used - for four to fiv...
- Cutting Sections. Freezing Microtome
- This method is valuable for rapid diagnostic work, but sections cannot often be cut sufficiently thin to allow a careful examination of the details. The piece of tissue used should not be more than 4...
- Serial Sections. Paraffin
- The block containing the specimen is turned until the anterior and posterior edges are parallel; as much of the paraffin being removed as is possible. The knife is placed at right angles and with rapi...
- Staining
- The principle of staining depends upon the different affinity of certain portions of the tissue for special dyes, so that they become more evident for purposes of study. There are certain stains which...
- Nuclear Stains
- Aqueous Alum Hematoxylin Solution Hematoxylin crystals..................... 1 gm. Sat. aq. sol. ammonia alum................ 100 c.c. Water.................................. 300 c.c. Thymol..........
- Diffuse And Double Staining
- Double staining is employed for the purpose of obtaining a contrast between the nuclei and the plasms and interstitial substance. The nuclear stain is employed first, as the contrast stain is weaker a...
- Connective Tissue Stains
- Van Gieson's stain, as already given, may be used. The best results are obtained after fixation in chrome salts or sublimate solutions; are not so good after alcohol. Mallory's anilin blue stain give...
- Blood Staining
- Before being stained the blood must be fixed to the slide either by heat or by some chemical. Heat may be used in all cases except when Wright's stain is employed; it must be used with Ehrlich's trip...
- Chapter XVII. Bacteriologic Methods
- Culture-Media As has already been stated (p. 21), there are certain requirements known as Koch's laws, or postulates, that must be fulfilled in order that we can prove a certain organism to be the ca...
- Varieties Of Bacteria Cultures
- 1. Slant. 2. Stab. 3. Petri dish. 4. Esmarch tube. 5. Hanging drop. 6. Anaerobic. 1. Slant Cultures A platinum wire is taken and heated in the flame. When cool it is inserted into the material ...
- Examining Bacteria
- Although the greater part of the examination of microorganisms is done with stained specimens, yet they should always be examined in the unstained and living condition as well. The best way to do this...
- Methods For Staining Spores
- Spores are the resting forms of various organisms and are stained with difficulty, but when once stained are hard to decolorize. Abbott's Method 1. Stain the cover-glass deeply with methylene-blue, ...
- Staining Of Flagella
- LöFfler's Method 1. Flood the cover-glass with the following solution, which should be filtered before using: Aqueous solution of tannic acid (20 per cent.). 10 c.c. Cold saturated solution of ferro...
- Staining Capsules
- 1. Cover the preparation with glacial acetic acid for a few seconds. 2. Drain off (do not wash) and replace with anilin gentian-violet. Pour this off and add more stain until all of the acid has been...
- Part II - Special Pathology. Chapter XVIII. The Blood
- Blood is composed of two parts, the cellular elements, and the fluid, plasma or liquor sanguinis. Although its reaction to litmus is alkaline, the use of more delicate reagents would indicate that the...
- Erythrocytes
- Erythrocytes Are flattened, thin bi-concave discs of an average diameter of 7.2 to 7.8µ, and are non-nucleated in their normal adult condition. They are very elastic so that they can pass readily thro...
- Megaloblasts
- These cells correspond in size with the macrocytes, varying from 9 µ to 20 µ. The cell is usually circular or oval, but may show marked irregularities. The protoplasm appears swollen and shows marked ...
- Leukocytes
- These are nucleated blood-cells that do not contain hemoglobin and are known as the white cells. Certain of them are capable of ameboid motion and on account of their ability to surround and take up f...
- Eosinophiles
- These are polymorphonuclear leukocytes characterized by the presence in the cytoplasm of large coarse granules that stain very deeply with eosin. The nuclei do not stain very deeply with the nuclear d...
- Pathology Of The Blood. Anemia
- Primary Anemia Primary anemias are those conditions of decreased hemoglobin and red cells in which no demonstrable cause can be found for the blood change. Chlorosis is a form of anemia occurring ma...
- Leukemia
- Leukemia is a disease of the blood-producing structures, characterized by a permanent increase in the leukocytes other than the polymorphonuclear variety, and by lesions of the bone marrow and hyperpl...
- Eosinophilic Myelocytes
- Eosinophilic Myelocytes may be found in large numbers, varying from 3000 to 100,000 per cubic millimeter. Such an increase is pathognomonic of splenomyelogenous leukemia. The ordinary type of eosinoph...
- Polymorphonuclear Neutrophilic Leukocytes
- Polymorphonuclear Neutrophilic Leukocytes are relatively diminished as the myelocytes increase, and form about 46 per cent, of the total. They are absolutely increased to 60,000 or 70,000. Degenerativ...
- Lymphocytes #2
- Lymphocytes are not very numerous as a rule; they constitute about 10 per cent, although the number may vary considerably. The blood itself may be pale and the specific gravity lowered. Coagulation t...
- Pseudoleukemia
- Under this term are included a great variety of diseases which may show gross changes similar to those of leukemia, yet with none of the characteristic blood changes. Hodgkin's disease, although an in...
- Chapter XIX. Diseases Of The Circulatory System. Diseases Of The Heart
- Congenital malformations may be the result of disturbances of development or of disease during fetal life. There may be complete absence, as in acardiac monsters. Imperfect septa between the cavities...
- Diseases Of The Pericardium
- May have hydro pericardium, a collection of non-inflammatory transudate within the sac. This is usually a part of a general dropsy due to disease of the heart, kidney or liver. Hemopericardium, when c...
- Fatty Metamorphosis
- Fatty Metamorphosis is often found in toxic and infectious diseases. Is usually irregular in its distribution, forming areas of yellowish tissue, easily distinguished beneath the endocardium. In the f...
- Brown Atrophy
- Brown Atrophy is a condition in which the heart is reduced in size and is brownish-red in color. Is found in old age and in chronic cachexias. Within the muscle fiber at the ends of the nuclei are fou...
- Necrosis, Myomalacia Cordis
- Necrosis, Myomalacia Cordis, of the heart muscle is usually due to obstruction of the coronary artery by arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, or embolism with the formation of an infarct. The wall at the ape...
- Acute Endocarditis
- Acute Endocarditis is a secondary condition occurring in the course of an infectious disease as a result of the action of bacteria. It is characterized by the formation of cauliflower growths upon the...
- Cardiac Hypertrophy
- In this condition there is an increase in both the number and size of the muscle fibers. It may be the result of either outside interference to the heart's action, as in adhesive pericarditis, particu...
- The Hypertrophied Heart
- The Hypertrophied Heart may weigh as much as 1000 or 1500 grm. in extreme conditions, more commonly from 700 to 800 grm. Three forms of cardiac hypertrophy may be described: I. Simple hypertrophy, in...
- Cardiac Dilatation
- This may be either acute or chronic, active or passive. The acute form occurs as a result of severe muscular exertion or from a sudden interference with the passage of the blood through the pulmonary...
- Diseases Of The Arteries
- Endarteritis, or inflammation of the artery, usually results from the presence of foreign bodies, either infectious or sterile, within the vessel. It may be caused by organisms gaining entrance into t...
- Aneurysm
- An aneurysm is a circumscribed dilatation of an artery. It may be (I) true or (2) false. True, an aneurysm in which the sac is formed by the arterial walls, one of which at least is unbroken. False, o...
- Diseases Of The Veins
- Thrombosis has already been discussed under that general heading. Phlebitis, inflammation of the veins, may follow inflammatory conditions around the vessel, from traumatism, or it may arise from con...
- Chapter XX. Diseases Of The Respiratory System. Diseases Of The Nose
- Malformations of varying degrees of severity, from complete absence to slight cleft lip, may exist. There may be no external abnormality, but the floor of the nasal cavity may be lacking, the septum d...
- Diseases Of The Larynx
- Malformations of the larynx are neither numerous nor specially important. The parts may be unsymmetric or there may be a fistula resulting from the imperfect closing of a branchial cleft. Acute laryn...
- Diseases Of The Trachea And Bronchi
- Malformations of the trachea usually consist of a fistulous opening, the result of failure of closure of the third or fourth branchial cleft. Generally appear along the anterior border of the sternoma...
- Diseases Of The Lungs
- Circulatory Disturbances Anemia of the lung seldom occurs. Is due to pressure causing vascular obstruction. Acute hyperemia or congestion may be caused by the inhalation of irritating gases or it ma...
- Chronic Or Passive Hyperemia
- Chronic Or Passive Hyperemia is generally due to obstruction of the pulmonary veins, and is associated with disease of the aortic and mitral valves and a weakened and relaxed condition of the vessel w...
- Hemorrhage From The Lung
- Hemorrhage From The Lung, or hemoptysis, occurs in many conditions - trauma, embolism, etc. - but is most common in phthisis, particularly in the later stages when ulceration has taken place. The bloo...
- Atelectasis Or Collapse Of The Lung
- Atelectasis Or Collapse Of The Lung may be either congenital or acquired. The congenital or fetal form occurs in newborn babies who have never breathed, either on account of an obstruction to a bronch...
- Emphysema
- Emphysema is a condition of overdistention of the air-cells with an increased amount of air present in the lung. It is due either to a loss of elasticity of the air-cells, to an increase in the air-pr...
- Senile Emphysema
- Senile Emphysema is that occurring in old age from atrophy of the intervesicular septa. The lung is smaller than normal and frequently accompanied by edema, congestion or even infarction. Vicarious em...
- Catarrhal Pneumonia Or Bronchopneumonia
- Catarrhal Pneumonia Or Bronchopneumonia is an inflammatory condition of localized areas of the lung resulting from inflammation of the terminal bronchioles, capillary bronchitis. Is also known as lobu...
- Fibrous Pneumonia
- Fibrous Pneumonia is a chronic condition of the lung resulting from long-continued irritation and is characterized by an overgrowth of fibrous connective tissue in the walls of the alveoli. It may be ...
- Pneumonokoniosis
- Pneumonokoniosis is a condition of the lung characterized by the presence of dust particles of various kinds. When the fine particles gain entrance, they cause a catarrhal inflammation of the alveoli....
- Purulent Pneumonia
- Purulent Pneumonia is one caused by pyogenic organisms. In it there is found a purulent and hemorrhagic exudation, both in the alveoli and fibrous septa. The infection may take place through the bronc...
- Gangrene
- This follows the entrance of saprophytic organisms into lung tissue that has undergone degenerative changes. The primary necrosis may follow in the course of pneumonia, tuberculosis, embolism, and inf...
- Tuberculosis
- Is caused by the tubercle bacillus and may be either a local disease or a part of a general involvement. The infection may gain entrance to the lungs in three ways: by the air, aero genie or bronchoge...
- Diseases Of The Lungs 2
- Syphilis This may be either congenital, the lungs being involved as well as other parts of the body, or it may be acquired. The congenital is the more common and occurs as white pneumonia, a diffuse...
- Diseases Of The Pleura
- Secondary involvements are more common than primary diseases on account of the relation of the pleura to the lung. Active hyperemia is an early stage of pleuritis. Passive hyperemia occurs in diseas...
- Chapter XXI. Diseases Of The Digestive System. Malformations
- The most common deformities are cleft palate and hare-lip. The former results from a failure of closure of the hard palate and is usually to one side of the mid-line. Hare-lip is the result of failure...
- Stomatitis
- Inflammation of the mouth results from many causes, but particularly from local infection by bacteria. It differs greatly in severity and is divided into catarrhal, ulcerative, mycotic, and ...
- Glossitis Or Inflammation Of The Tongue
- Glossitis Or Inflammation Of The Tongue occurs either in a superficial or a deep form. In the superficial variety there is a desquamation of the epithelium. It may follow marked intestinal disorders o...
- Cysts
- Cysts result from obstruction to the ducts of the mucous or salivary glands. A ranula is a cystic dilatation of Nuhn's glands situated under the tip of the tongue, which may be displaced backward and ...
- The Teeth. Malformations
- They may be unusually large or small, increased or decreased in number, or even entirely absent. In congenital syphilis the upper central incisors of the permanent set are frequently malformed, being ...
- The Tonsils And Pharynx
- Anemia and hyperemia occur here just as elsewhere. Active hyperemia as a beginning of inflammation; passive, in chronic heart and lung disease, in which cases the veins may be distinctly varicose. Ede...
- Pharynx
- Circulatory disturbances are usually a part of similar troubles of neighboring tissues. Inflammation The acute catarrhal pharyngitis or angina may result from exposure to cold, to the irritating act...
- Salivary Glands
- Inflammation of the parotid gland, parotitis, or mumps, occurs as an independent disease, possibly due to a small diplococcus described by Laveran. The infection probably occurs by way of the parotid ...
- Fistulae Of The Salivary Ducts
- Fistulae Of The Salivary Ducts may follow traumatism or the perforation of an abscess. The parotid duct is the one generally involved. Concretions or calculi are sometimes found; are called sialolith...
- The Esophagus
- Malformations It may terminate in a blind pouch in its upper portion; it may be double or completely wanting. Fistulae opening into the pharynx and neck are the result of incomplete closure of the br...
- The Stomach
- Malformation It may be completely absent, or abnormally small, with atresia or stenosis of the pylorus, or it may be in the form of two pouches connected by a smaller tube (hourglass stomach). The st...
- Inflammation Or Gastritis
- The acute form is generally due to the irritation of certain substances taken into the stomach and is commonly found at the pyloric end. The mucosa is red, thickened, and covered by mucous secretion, ...
- Peptic Ulcers
- Peptic Ulcers sometimes occur in the upper end of the duodenum close to the pyloric orifice and also in the lower portion of the esophagus. Atrophy of the glands results from chronic inflammation and...
- Pigmentation Of The Mucosa
- Pigmentation Of The Mucosa is the result of numerous small hemorrhages or occurs as a part of a general discoloration often seen in chronic malaria. The mucosa is of a dark, slaty discoloration. Calc...
- Dilatation Or Gastrectasis
- Dilatation Or Gastrectasis is usually due to some obstruction, of a chronic character, at the pyloric outlet. Food is retained; this undergoes fermentation and the stomach walls become weaker than eve...
- Stomach Tumors
- The connective-tissue tumors, as fibroma, myoma, and lipoma, have been occasionally found. Sarcoma is more rare; it seems to originate within the lymphoid deposits and is generally round-cell in chara...
- Diseases Of The Intestines. Malformations
- Complete absence may occur, but incomplete development is more common. There may be stenosis anywhere. The rectum may end in a blind sac, atresia ani, either low down or up in the sigmoid flexure. Clo...
- Volvulus
- Volvulus is the twisting of the intestine resulting in obstruction. It may twist in its long axis, but usually a loop of intestine twists around its mesenteric attachment. It occurs where the mesenter...
- Stenosis Or Narrowing Of The Lumen
- Stenosis Or Narrowing Of The Lumen sometimes occurs, usually as a result of the contraction of cicatrices formed after ulceration. The primary ulcer may be syphilitic, tuberculous, or rarely typhoidal...
- Circulatory Disorders
- Acute congestion may result from active irritation or as the early stage of inflammation. Passive congestion is common in diseases of the liver associated with engorgement of the portal veins, and to...
- Minute Hemorrhages
- Minute Hemorrhages may occur in chronic passive congestion and in hemorrhagic diatheses. Severe hemorrhage may follow ulcerations of all kinds, particularly from the typhoidal, or wounds, such as the ...
- Pigmentary Infiltration
- Pigmentary Infiltration is the deposit of pigment within the tissues. According to their origin, pigments may be divided into four classes: 1. Those derived from outside of the body. 2. Those forme...
- Enteritis
- Inflammation of the intestine may affect either the small or the large intestine or any portion of them. Different names being given according to the region affected, enteritis (small intestine), ...
- Duodenitis
- Duodenitis generally occurs in association with gastritis. On account of the resulting edema, the common bile duct, which empties into this part of the intestine, becomes obstructed and also inflamed....
- Typhlitis, Inflammation Of The Cecum
- Typhlitis, Inflammation Of The Cecum, is generally due to the retention of large masses of feces, although in many instances it accompanies an appendicitis. Inflammation may involve the surrounding ti...
- Appendicitis, Inflammation Of The Appendix
- Appendicitis, Inflammation Of The Appendix, is quite common. The lumen of the appendix being so small, it is easily obstructed by foreign bodies or by edema. The blood-supply is poor, so nutrition is ...
- Colitis, Inflammation Of The Colon
- Colitis, Inflammation Of The Colon, may be restricted to some one part of the colon, as the cecum, sigmoid flexure, etc., or involve all portions. It is generally due to the retention of large masses ...
- Proctitis, Or Inflammation Of The Rectum
- Proctitis, Or Inflammation Of The Rectum, may be due to the presence of masses of hard feces, of foreign bodies, or to infections, as tuberculosis, syphilis, and gonorrhea. If acute in onset, it howev...
- Infectious Diseases
- Dysentery indicates an inflammatory condition of the colon and rectum characterized by ulcerations of the mucosa and the passage of numerous small, mucous, and bloody stools. It is a term that is appl...
- Asiatic Cholera
- Asiatic Cholera is an acute specific inflammation of the small intestine due to the comma bacillus or vibrio. The post-mortem appearances differ according to the time at which death occurred. Early i...
- The Peyer's Patches
- The Peyer's Patches are pigmented and bile may be found in the intestinal contents. The lesions are most marked in the lower portion of the small intestine, in which respect cholera differs from dysen...
- Typhoid Fever
- Typhoid Fever is an acute infectious fever caused by the Bacillus typhosus, and its characteristic lesion is ulceration of the lymphoid tissue of the small intestine, particularly the Peyer's patches....
- The Bacilli
- The Bacilli are present not only in the intestine but elsewhere. Early in the disease they can be readily obtained from the blood. They are found in the skin lesions, the rose spots, also in the uri...
- Pulmonary Tuberculosis
- Pulmonary Tuberculosis is a not uncommon condition occurring after the patient has apparently entirely recovered. An important test in the making of the diagnosis of typhoid fever is the Widal reacti...
- Paratyphoid Fever
- Paratyphoid Fever presents lesions that differ somewhat from typhoid. There are not the characteristic intestinal changes. The clinical appearance may be similar, but there may be no ulcerations prese...
- Tuberculosis Of The Intestine
- Tuberculosis Of The Intestine may occur in children as a primary infection; in adults it is frequently secondary to pulmonary and laryngeal tuberculosis. In children the source of infection is probabl...
- The Lymphoid Tissue
- The Lymphoid Tissue in the lower portion of the ileum, just above the ileocecal valve, is the usual seat of the primary lesion. There is the formation of a tubercle with coagulation necrosis; the cent...
- Syphilis Of The Intestine
- Syphilis Of The Intestine is seldom met with, and when seen usually appears in the rectum. The small intestine may be involved in cases of congenital syphilis. Small gummata are seen which show a mark...
- Actinomycosis And Leprosy
- Actinomycosis And Leprosy very rarely appear. Anthrax sometimes involves the small intestine. It occurs in wool-sorters, brush-makers, and others exposed to infection. The mucosa and submucosa show hy...
- Intestine Tumors
- Connective-tissue growths are unusual and generally benign. Fibroma, lipoma, and myxoma are sometimes seen. They may cause some obstruction if large. Sarcoma is rare. It arises within the submucosa an...
- Diseases Of The Liver
- Malformations are not common and seldom of importance. Complete absence is seen in acardiac monsters. Variations in the number of lobes and in the fissures may occur. Portions of hepatic tissue may be...
- Embolism And Thrombosis
- Embolism And Thrombosis not infrequently occur and cause greater or less disturbances according to their location and magnitude. As a rule, no serious conditions arise, as the collateral circulation i...
- Parenchymatous Degeneration
- Parenchymatous Degeneration or cloudy swelling occurs in most of the infectious fevers and in intoxications. The liver is somewhat enlarged and grayish-yellow in color. Microscopically the cells are s...
- Fatty Degeneration Or Metamorphosis
- Fatty Degeneration Or Metamorphosis occurs in severe anemias, in phosphorous and arsenic poisoning, and in certain of the infections, as yellow fever. The liver is smaller than normal, yellow in color...
- Amyloid Degeneration Of The Liver
- Amyloid Degeneration Of The Liver results from long-continued suppuration, as in chronic tuberculosis, in suppurative bone diseases, and is usually accompanied by similar degeneration elsewhere. The l...
- Edema Of The Liver
- Edema Of The Liver occurs in the course of long-continued circulatory disturbances and in severe infections. The tissue is swollen and many of the cells may contain vacuoles. Atrophy as a primary con...
- Portal Or Atrophic Cirrhosis (Laennec's Cirrhosis, "Hobnail" Liver)
- Is hematogenous in character, as in the majority of cases it is due to the presence, in the circulation, of a poisonous substance formed by distilled liquors. Early in the disease the organ may be som...
- Biliary Or Hypertrophic Cirrhosis (Hanoi's Cirrhosis)
- In this form the liver is larger than normal, 2000 to 4000 grams, and the main lesion is an inflammation of the minute bile capillaries between the columns of liver-cells. Is probably of an infectious...
- Infectious Diseases Of The Liver
- Tuberculosis of the liver is secondary to lesions of the disease elsewhere, particularly of the peritoneum, and is probably transmitted through the blood. It appears generally as miliary tubercles sca...
- Tumors Of The Liver
- Primary growths of the liver are very unusual, but it is nearly always involved secondarily in malignant disease of other localities. Angioma is about the most frequent new growth. It generally occur...
- Cysts Of The Liver
- Cysts Of The Liver are unusual. Are usually formed by the dilation of a bile-duct, but may be due to an obstruction of the lymphatics. Echinococcus cysts are comparatively common. Are caused by the T...
- Diseases Of The Gall-Bladder And Bile-Ducts
- Angiocholitis or cholangitis, inflammation of the bile-ducts, is generally found in the common duct. It may, however, extend throughout the smaller ducts and capillaries. Is commonly secondary to infl...
- Cholecystitis
- Cholecystitis is an inflammation of the gall-bladder. It is commonly due to gall-stones within, but may be due to infection from without, particularly in typhoid fever. When gall-stones are present th...
- Stenosis Of The Bile-Ducts
- Stenosis Of The Bile-Ducts is generally due to obstruction in acute inflammation by the thickening of the mucous membrane and the presence of mucus. In chronic inflammation there may be an overgrowth ...
- Cholelithiasis
- Gall-stones, calculi of the gall-bladder, are solid masses resulting from the precipitation of various substances from the bile. They are most frequently found late in life and most commonly in women....
- Jaundice Or Icterus
- Jaundice Or Icterus is a staining of the tissues by biliary pigments that have been conveyed by the blood-stream. It is a symptom common to most diseases of the liver. There were formerly thought to b...
- Catarrhal Jaundice
- Catarrhal Jaundice resulting from obstruction to the duct by an inflammation of its mucous membrane is the commonest form. Any obstruction from within or without, will, however, cause it. Microscopica...
- Diseases of Pancreas
- Malformations are unusual, except that the pancreas may frequently be composed of separated segments. Fragments of pancreatic tissue are sometimes found in the omentum, the walls of the intestine or o...
- Diseases Of The Peritoneum
- Malformations are occasionally met with. The omentum may be very small or unduly long. The mesentery may be very long, giving rise to enteroptosis. May allow hernias. Circulatory Disturbances Active...
- Chapter XXII. Diseases Of The Urinary Organs
- The Kidneys Malformations Rarely both kidneys may be absent, but the fetus is incapable of living. Absence of one kidney is more common and is not incompatible with life. The left organ is usually w...
- Nephritis, Inflammation Of The Kidney
- Nephritis, Inflammation Of The Kidney, or Bright's disease is brought about by many conditions, all of which in some way produce an irritation of the kidney by means of the circulation. It follows in ...
- Chronic Parenchymatous Nephritis
- Chronic Parenchymatous Nephritis may be the result of numerous attacks of acute nephritis, or it may have pursued a chronic course from the outset. It is probably due to the persistent presence in the...
- Tuberculosis Of The Kidney
- Tuberculosis Of The Kidney may be due to primary hematogenic infection, in which case the condition is usually unilateral, or to secondary involvement following similar disease of other portions of th...
- Tumors Of The Kidney
- Fibromata in the form of small nodules are occasionally found. Lipomata and leiomyomata are sometimes encountered. Fig. 170. - Congenital Cystic Kidney. Only very small portions of the kidney tis...
- Hydronephrosis
- Hydronephrosis is a cystic dilatation of the kidney resulting from an obstruction of the ureter. Is more likely to occur if the obstruction is of an intermittent character. When the ureter is obstruct...
- Nephrolithiasis
- Renal calculi are quite frequently found in the pelvis of the kidney and are composed of material precipitated from the urine. They may occur in the form of fine particles like sand or they may be so ...
- Diseases Of The Ureter
- There may be obstructions due to congenital atresia or to various diseases and neoplasms. The result of such a condition is a dilatation of the ureter above the obstruction and of the kidney (hydronep...
- Diseases Of The Bladder
- Malformations of the bladder are quite common. The most usual form is a lack of union along the anterior median line with failure of closure of the abdominal wall, exstrophy of the bladder. Is usually...
- Diseases Of The Urethra
- Malformations Occasionally the urethra may be absent, or the superior or inferior walls may be incomplete, giving rise to epispadias and hypospadias respectively. Inflammation Urethritis, inflammat...
- Chapter XXIII. Diseases Of The Reproductive System. Male Organs
- The Penis. Malformations Of The Penis The penis may be absent, undeveloped, or, what is very rare, double. There may be lack of closure of the urethra on the dorsal surface, epispadias, or, on the un...
- The Testicles
- Malformations One or both testicles may be absent or hypoplastic. Cryptorchia is a condition in which one or both testicles instead of descending into the scrotum remain within the abdominal cavity o...
- The Seminal Vesicles
- Vesiculitis, or inflammation, generally follows an attack of gonorrhea or of prostatitis. The tubules become dilated by a mucopurulent exudate, are congested and tender, and in chronic inflammation, t...
- The Prostate Gland
- Atrophy of the prostate is common in old age, the gland becoming smaller through degeneration of the epithelium with contraction of the fibrous tissue. Fig. 174. - Hypertrophy of the Middle Lobe o...
- The Female Organs. The Ovaries
- Malformations The ovaries may be hypoplastic or occasionally one may be absent, seldom both. An ovary may be much displaced, sometimes being found in the inguinal canal or in the labium majus. It may...
- The Fallopian Tubes
- Malformations of the tubes are not frequent. Are usually associated with abnormalities of the uterus. They may occupy unusual positions as a result generally of adhesions. Hyperemia of the tubes occu...
- Extra-Uterine Pregnancy
- If there is any interference with the entrance of the impregnated ovum into the uterus an extrauterine development takes place. This may be within the ovary, between the tube and ovary - tubo-ovarian ...
- The Uterus
- Congenital malformations are not infrequent and are the result of imperfect development of the Miillerian ducts. These ducts are two parallel tubes that normally unite in their long axis, forming in t...
- The Uterus. Continued
- Circulatory Disturbances Active hyperemia is normally present during menstruation and pregnancy, and is similar to what takes place in pathologic conditions. The mucous membrane becomes much congeste...
- Uterus Tumors. Fibroids
- These tumors are the most common of those of the uterus. Although spoken of as fibroma, they nearly always contain a large amount of involuntary muscle, so the term fibromyoma is the more correct. The...
- The Vagina
- Malformations The vagina may be imperforate in its entire length or only partially. There may be a septum dividing the canal in two; such a condition is usually associated with a double uterus. Steno...
- The Vulva
- Wounds are particularly common as a result of childbirth. They generally occur as lacerations of the posterior fourchette and may extend not only into the perineum but into the rectum. If the damage h...
- Diseases Of The Mammary Gland
- Malformations As an associated condition with imperfect development of the chest-walls one or both glands may be absent. They may be hypoplastic, when there is also an incomplete development of the s...
- Chapter XXIV. Diseases Of The Motor System. Bones
- Circulatory Disturbances Hyperemia is usually associated with inflammatory disturbances of adjacent tissues. The periosteum is reddened and swollen, and the marrow is bluish-red in color. Thrombosis...
- Rachitis
- Rickets is a constitutional disorder in which there are nutritional disturbances involving, to a greater or lesser extent, all the bones of the skeleton. The long bones become shortened, thickened, an...
- Osteomalacia
- Osteomalacia is a condition of softening and flexibility of the fully formed bone following absorption of the bone salts. It is most common in women of the poorer classes, and frequently appears in co...
- Periostitis
- Periostitis may be acute or chronic. In the simple or acute form the periosteum becomes swollen, hyperemic, and infiltrated with blood. The process may stop there, but if infection has taken place, pu...
- Osteitis And Osteomyelitis
- Osteitis And Osteomyelitis have to be considered together, as the two conditions do not exist separately. This condition results from infection, either by micro-organisms from the blood, from local in...
- Bone Necrosis
- Necrosis refers to the destruction of large portions of bone, as a result of interference with the blood-supply or from the extension of disease from the periosteum or neighboring bone. The dead piec...
- Bone Tumors
- The periosteum may be the seat of a fibroma, a myxoma, or a lipoma. Chondromata also develop from the periosteum, are most common on the extremities, and are generally multiple. The osteomata are tumo...
- Bone Fractures
- A fracture is a solution in the continuity of a bone, and is usually due to traumatism or to muscular contraction. The break may occur in any direction in the bone - transverse, oblique, or parallel t...
- Diseases Of The Joints
- Luxation is a condition in which the articulating surfaces are disturbed in their relations. It is due to traumatism, and when it occurs, there is generally a rupture of some of the ligaments with lac...
- Diseases Of The Tendons And Bursie
- Tenosynovitis refers to an inflammation of the sheath of a tendon and may be acute or chronic, or serous, fibrinous, or purulent, or any combination, according to the exudate. The purulent is usually ...
- Diseases Of The Voluntary Muscles
- Circulatory Disturbances Anemia may be part of a general condition or the result of local interference. Degenerations of the muscle occur if the anemia has been sufficiently severe or long continued....
- Chapter XXV. The Ductless Glands. The Thyroid
- Malformation It may be congenitally absent, variations in size are common, and small accessory glands may occur. Total absence is usually associated with cretinism or idiocy. Atrophy takes place nor...
- Parathyroid Glands
- These are four small, gland-like bodies situated along the posterior inner edges of the lateral lobes of the thyroid gland, usually two on a side. They seem to be of great importance in the metabolism...
- The Adrenals
- Malformation They are seldom absent, but may be unusually small. Supplementary adrenals are not uncommon, and inclosure of fragments in the liver, kidney, and genital organs is quite frequent. They g...
- The Spleen
- Malformations Total absence may occur. It may be divided into lobes, and accessory or supernumerary spleens of small size are quite common. The organ may be unusually movable. It may be much displac...
- The Lymph-Nodes
- The Lymph Nodes show marked hyperplasia and enlargement, and the spleen, although enlarged, seldom reaches the size that it does in the spleno-myelogenous type. Anemia The nodes are softer, shrunken...
- The Thymus Gland
- Malformations The gland may be very small or completely absent. Sometimes it is so much enlarged as to cover the pericardium and the great vessels. It generally begins to atrophy by about the second ...
- The Bone-Marrow
- The marrow is lymphoid tissue consisting of a connective-tissue reticulum in which are numerous capillaries and venous vessels. The marrow-cells are large and round, and contain clear nuclei of vesicu...
- Chapter XXVII. Diseases Of The Brain. The Dura Mater
- Hyperemia may be active as a result of injuries or disease of the skull. Passive hyperemia may follow thrombosis of the venous sinuses. Neither of the above can be well recognized post-mortem, as by t...
- The Pia And Arachnoid
- Circulatory Disturbances Anemia occurs only as a part of a general condition. Active hyperemia is frequent, being the earliest stage of meningitis. It is also found in death from alcohol, in the inf...
- The Brain
- Malformations of the brain may be associated with deformities of the skull, or may occur independently. Acrania is an absence of the skull, but usually with preservation of the membranes and a small m...
- Brain Degenerations
- Encephalomalacia, or local softening of the brain, is found in ischemia, as a result of arteriosclerosis of the smaller vessels, in thrombosis and embolism, and in meningitis and encephalitis. The bra...
- Tumors Of The Brain
- The most frequent form of those found is the glioma. It is commonly found in the cerebrum, the cerebellum, the pons, and medulla. It is thought to never originate from the pia. The glioma appears as a...
- The Pituitary Body
- Hypertrophy is uncommon, but it occurs in cretinism, myxedema, and acromegaly. If the thyroid gland is removed it is thought that the pituitary body sometimes enlarges. The acini may contain a large a...
- Chapter XXVIII. Diseases Of The Spinal Cord
- Circulatory Disturbances Anemia of the cord may be due to pressure from neoplasms or to obstruction of small blood-vessels by disease or thrombosis. Embolism is followed by necrosis. In pernicious an...
- Spinal Meningitis
- Pachymeningitis, or acute inflammation of the spinal dura mater, is commonly due to neighboring inflammations or to traumatism. In external pachymeningitis there is an exudate, cellular or fibrinous, ...
- Special Diseases Of The Spinal Cord
- Disseminated or multiple sclerosis occurs in both the brain and the spinal cord, and is characterized in the early stage by the presence of many softened areas. These vary in size, are grayish in colo...
- Secondary Degenerations Of The Spinal Cord
- The microscopic changes are those that have already been described. The degenerations result from lesions in the brain or cord, and when in the cord are described as either ascending or descending, ac...
- The Peripheral Nerves
- Atrophy may result from pressure, from inflammation, or from an interruption in the continuity of the nerve. The myelin sheaths undergo degeneration, and later on the axis-cylinders break down. Degen...
- Saunders' Books On Pathology, Physiology Histology, Embryology Bacteriology, Serology
- W. B. SAUNDERS COMPANY West Washington Square Philadelphia. 9, Henrietta Street Covent Garden, London. Our Handsome Complete Catalogue will be Sent You on Request. Mallory's Pathologic Histology ...
- Pathology, Physiology Histology, Embryology Bacteriology, Serology. Part 2
- The Best Published Professor Buchanan's new work is a comprehensive one. The author has gone minutely into the consideration of immunity, opsonic index, reproduction, sterilization, antiseptics, bioc...
- Pathology, Physiology Histology, Embryology Bacteriology, Serology. Part 3
- Mallory And Wright's Pathologic Technique Pathologic Technique. A Practical Manual for Workers in Pathologic Histology, including Directions for the Performance of Autopsies and for Clinical Diagnosi...
- Pathology, Physiology Histology, Embryology Bacteriology, Serology. Part 4
- The American Illustrated Medical Dictionary. A new and complete dictionary of the terms used in Medicine, Surgery, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Chemistry, Veterinary Science, Nursing, and all kindred branches...
- Pathology, Physiology Histology, Embryology Bacteriology, Serology. Part 5
- Levy And Klemperer's Clinical Bacteriology The Elements of Clinical Bacteriology. By Drs. Ernst Levy and Felix Klemperer, of the University of Strasburg Translated and edited by Augustus A. Eshner, M...
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