Weight 1172 gm. In removing the lung all adhesions should be broken up or cut through. It is then drawn forward and downward, the root being grasped from above between the fingers of the left hand. The primary bronchus is divided behind the left hand and the lung is lifted upward, the remaining attachments being divided.

If there are dense adhesions between the lung and the diaphragm, it is best to remove the latter with the lung by cutting through the attachments to the ribs. Be careful to avoid wounding either esophagus or aorta.

The two organs can be distinguished from each other by remembering that the anterior edge is thin while the posterior is rounded and the bronchi are on the inner surface. Also that the right lung has usually three lobes, the left two only, although variations occur.

The lungs may be opened by either a long incision extending from apex to base or by a horizontal incision taking in the entire width of the organ. The bronchi and blood-vessels should be opened with small scissors.

The cut surfaces should be carefully examined, the color, amount of blood, presence of fluid, solidity, degree of crepitation, smoothness, and friability noted. Portions of the more solid areas should be placed in water to see if they will float.

More room for the examination of the abdominal organs can be gained by cutting through the diaphragm on either side of the liver and turning that viscus upward.

The spleen is removed by drawing it gently toward the mid-line and the vessels cut close to the hilum. If adherent to the diaphragm, care should be taken that its capsule is not torn.

Its size, shape, and density should be noted, as well as the appearance of the capsule, trabeculae, blood-vessels, lymph-follicles and pulp. Weight, 200 gm.