Arguing from the above, Dr. Moll concludes that such a result is brought about by vivid expectation, and remarks that it is therefore not astonishing that a post-hypnotic suggestion should succeed against the subject's will.

I cannot see the analogy between the two conditions. An individual stammers in the presence of a stranger from what we call nervous erethism, in other words, he is over-excitable; or, on the other hand, his timidity gets the better of his self-control. Now a man obeys a posthypnotic suggestion in quite a different manner. It affects him as an imperative impulse. Let me illustrate. I told B., while in the hypnotic state, that six hours later he would go to his garden, gather a squash, and send it to his neighbor, Mr. C. The man was then aroused, and Mr. C. was told to expect the squash and to notify me if it arrived. As Mr. C. was a lawyer, I requested him to cross-question Mr. B., if he brought the squash, and to ascertain for me, if possible, what form the suggestion took in the mind of Mr. B.

Promptly at the hour named this gentleman arrived at Mr. C's house with the squash. Mr. C, after praising the squash, said, "What made you bring it to me?" The man replied, "I saw your little boy in my garden looking at my squashes, and I thought he might like one of them."

Mr. C. " But I have the same kind of squashes and the same sizes in my garden that you have in yours. Why should my child want one of yours?" "Oh, I do not know," the man replied, "perhaps it would seem nicer coming from some other house." Then he added, "Any way, I was seized with the idea, which was to me irresistible, that you would like one of my squashes, and here it is."

Mr. C. "This is very curious. When did you get that idea?"

Mr. B. "It has been in my mind several times during the afternoon, and I could not get rid of it."

Dr. Moll also states that post-hypnotic suggestions carried out against the will have a great likeness to many instinctive movements, 19 and cites an example of the tatter from Wundt, viz., the raising of the hand to ward off danger.

In considering post-hypnotic suggestions that are carried out when there is loss of memory after waking. Dr. Moll returns to the case of waking life where X. was asked to post a letter. He believes that although X. did not keep the request continually in his consciousness it was only apparently forgotten and not really so, for he would not have posted the letter if he had not really remembered to do so. Likewise, in hypnotic suggestion, the suggestion really remains in the memory and the unconsciousness is only apparent. Is this not true of everything we remember during our whole lives? If a man wishes to go aboard a train at a definite hour he does not think constantly that he will take the train, we will say at 4 P. M., but attends to his affairs until train time.

Again, Dr. Moll says: "All post-hypnotic suggestions are merely apparently forgotten between waking and fulfilment." I omit his proof of this for want of space.

His explanation for post-hypnotic sense-delusions occurring in a new hypnosis is, briefly, as follows: Since the loss of memory following the first hypnosis is only apparent, the idea remains in the secondary consciousness. Consequently at an appointed time the suggested idea transforms itself into a sense-delusion in a fresh hypnosis, which fresh hypnosis comes on through association when the idea reappears.

The above explanation Dr. Moll does not think will apply when the post-hypnotic sense-delusion appears without a new hypnosis. His investigations have led him to the following conclusions: That these post-hypnotic sense-delusions appearing without a new hypnosis are analogous to certain hallucinations of sight, hearing, etc., which some persons have without being hypnotized. That these hallucinations result from a particular mental state which in some cases may be called a state of expectation, and is even perhaps identical with it.

Dr. Moll says, "Susceptibility to suggestion is the chief phenomenon of hypnosis. We have seen how easily a hypnotic suggestion is carried out. The externally suggested idea of a movement induces the movement, the idea of an object causes a corresponding sense hallucination."

This is only true of a certain number of hypnotized subjects, perhaps the larger number of them. The condition of hypnosis frequently merges into states in which the patient will not obey suggestion. Notably, one of these is hystero-epilepsy. Hysterical sleep is another. Hysterical delirium also may here be mentioned. I have seen a person, after obeying suggestion quietly for a whilo, suddenly begin to shout and talk violently and absolutely refuse to obey any further command given him by the operator.

The apparently contradictory statement is made by Dr. Moll, that however strange and paradoxical the phenomena of hypnosis may, at first sight, appear to us, we may be sure that there is no absolute difference between hypnotic and non-hypnotic states.

Again ho says, " We may then consider every hypnosis as a state in which the normal course of the ideas is inhibited. It matters not whether the ideas have to do with movements, or with sense impressions."

It is generally admitted by all hypnotists that voluntary attention is the pre-requisite factor for inducing the hypnotic state. The subject while hypnotized will focus his attention upon any object that the hypnotizer suggests.

Ed. von Hartmann classifies attention as spontaneous and reflex. The following definition of the two is given by Dr. Moll. "When by an act of will we choose one of several ideas and fix our attention upon it, this is spontaneous attention; but when one- idea among several gets the upper hand through its intensity, or for some other reason, and this represses other ideas and draws exclusive attention upon it, this is reflex attention."

He considers that the spontaneous attention, that is, the ability of the subject to voluntarily prefer one idea to another, is interfered with in the hypnotic state. That the reflex attention remains undisturbed, and that it is through this that the suggested idea, the choice of which has not, however, been left to the subject, conies into prominence.