We find the same in life, in the relation of teacher to pupil, and of pupil to teacher, in the reciprocal relations of friends, or lovers.

That there exists an individual aptitude for hypnotization, and for making the suggestions - to which I lay no claim - is certain. It is true we must not think of this ability as did the older mesmerists, who considered it a peculiar physical force possessed by certain persons. We must rather represent this natural ability to ourselves as we do many others, when we have to do with particular mental aptitudes. I need only remind my readers of the preacher who brings a whole community under his influence; of the doctor whose presence in the sick-chamber immediately inspires the patient with confidence; of the great men in history, such as Napoleon I., the magic of whose personal influence has led him to be called a great master in the art of suggestion. It is possible to analyze some of the personal qualifications which confer an aptitude for hypnotization - patience, calm, presence of mind; others elude analysis.

The question whether hypnosis can be induced against the will of the subject is one of importance. We must distinguish here whether the subject complies with the prescribed conditions or whether he does not. If he does - if, for example, he sufficiently concentrates his attention - then hypnosis may be produced at the first attempt, even against the wish of the person experimented .on. However, it must be remembered that a person who does not intend to allow himself to be hypnotized will hardly place himself in the necessary mental state; he will fix his eyes, but will allow his attention to wander. Nevertheless, I think that, granted special conditions, many persons can be hypnotized at the first attempt, even against their will. This occurs most readily when the general surroundings are of a nature calculated to suggest hypnosis. Some persons can be speedily hypnotized against their wish, if only taken unawares directly after witnessing a public exhibition of hypnotism. Heidenhain hypnotized soldiers in the presence of their officers, who had strictly forbidden them to sleep. Such a command, coming from an officer, would have as much effect on a soldier as the personal wish not to be hypnotized.

It is not to be doubted that many people who have been frequently hypnotized can be re-hypnotized against their will. Post-hypnotic suggestion, of which I shall speak later, is also a means of sending persons to sleep against their wish. There is a third possibility - namely, that no wish should exist in either direction. The conditions necessary for hypnosis may occur occasionally by chance, without the subject being conscious of them (Max Dessoir). For example, some one over his work is obliged to look fixedly at a certain point; this suffices to induce hypnosis (sometimes after earlier unfit experiments) without the person thinking of it. In this case the will is neither interested for nor against it. The statement of Preyer, that persons being photographed sometimes remain sitting rigidly still after the taking of the photograph is finished, may be referred to a hitherto unsuspected hypnotic state, brought on by the fixed stare necessary to the process. I have already mentioned that some of the inmates of the Salpetriere in Paris suddenly fall into catalepsy in consequence of some loud unexpected noise. There is an interesting case of a girl who had often been hypnotized by loud noises, and who went to a drawer to appropriate some photographs out of it.

The casual beating of a gong threw her into a cataleptic state, so that she stood motionless in the act of carrying out her theft, and was discovered. Hack Tuke remarks that it is a pity all thieves cannot be taken as easily.

Certain mysterious and not altogether credible reports have recently reached Europe concerning hypnotism in Japan. It is said that the Japanese have a special method, called jiu-jitsu, by means of which hypnosis is induced. It is taught to police officials and others in a special school in Yokohama, The details of the method are kept a secret. According to these accounts, the greater the opposition offered by an un-skilled person to the expert pitted against him, the more easily does the latter vanquish the former; a simple touch and the victim is paralyzed - rendered absolutely helpless. It will not cause very much surprise if we are pre-sently told that the great military successes of the Japanese were due to their skill in the art of hypnotization. Is it possible that a diminutive policeman can, by means of a simple jiu-jitsu touch, render a sailor of colossal proportions incapable of further resistance ?

As Bertrand related, with certain persons natural sleep can be transformed into magnetic sleep. Many attempts have been made to do this in later times. Baillif, Gscheidlen, Berger, Bernheim, Forel, and Manfronie, but more particularly Farez, have made such experiments, occasionally employing the therapeutics of suggestion at the same time. Some investigators certainly mention the suggestions they made use of during the subjects' ordinary sleep; one thing is certain, natural sleep can only be transformed into the hypnotic state when the suggestions are made in the manner mentioned. Some of the experiments in which natural sleep was transformed into hypnosis were made on persons who had never before been hypnotized, or who on previous occasions had proved refractory to hypnotic influence. I myself have been able to make some observations of this kind. One person concerned was a gentleman whom I had already frequently hypnotized, and whom I often threw into the hypnotic state while he was taking his afternoon sleep, without waking him. In another case I succeeded in producing various movements, as raising of the arms, through slight suggestions, to a gentleman who was in his afternoon sleep. I was obliged to speak in a whisper to avoid waking him.