The phenomena of supersensual thought-transference, suggestion mentale, or, as Mayerhofer fittingly calls it, telaesthesia, are closely related to animal magnetism. Telepathy means the transference of thoughts, feelings, sensations, etc., from a person A. to a person B. by some means other than the recognized sense-perceptions of B. (Consequently such thought-reading is excluded in which, as described on page 62, one person guesses the thought of another by means of the tremors in his muscles - i.e.., by a recognized kind of perception). B. is to feel A.'s sense-perceptions; if A. is pricked B. feels it; if A. tastes salt, B. tastes it. It is also said that A. can make B. act, merely by concentrating his thoughts on what B. is to do. Others think that it is the concentration of A.'s will on B. which causes the action. Perronnet even maintains that it is possible to influence the pulse and cause vasomotor changes telepathically by an effort of will. Numerous experiments have been made in this way - for instance, in guessing numbers. The agent A. concentrates his thoughts on a number which the subject B. is to find out. In many cases the number is written down and A. gazes at it, concentrating his thoughts the while. Or the same sort of thing is done with cards.

A. picks out any card he chooses, looks at it earnestly, and B. then has to name it. A further series of experiments deals with movements. A. makes a movement, or thinks of one which B. is to carry out. Telepathic experiments are also very frequently made with drawings. A. makes a drawing, or concentrates his thoughts on a particular one, such, for instance, as of a circle, a square, or a human being, and B. then has to execute a drawing of the same.

In many of the experiments in thought-transference the passive party - i.e., the recipient - was first of all hypnotized, as this is supposed to make the transference easier. But experiments have also been made when both persons were quite awake, by Guthrie, for example. Sometimes, also, both were hypnotized. We can understand that the recipient being in hypnosis largely increases the number of successes, because a hypnotic has a much greater tendency to pay attention to the smallest sign made by the experimenter, than a person who is awake has. But it is just in this that one of the chief sources of error lies, because what in reality depends on the influence produced by such insignificant signs is very often taken to be the result of telepathic influence.

Telepathy is to an extent connected with animal magnetism, some magnetizers seeing in it a proof of the existence of animal magnetism. But there is still another connection between the two, to which Ochorowicz, in particular, has drawn attention. The mesmerizing of B., who has to find out the thought, by A., who transfers it, is said to have a successful result essentially, and more particularly when B. falls into a magnetic sleep.

This is jocularly, though perhaps somewhat drastically, described in Pudenda, Leipzig, 1817: - "You know from the writings of Gmelin, Wienholt, and Kluge, that when a magnetizer puts pepper or salt in his mouth, his clairvoyante makes a grimace, but gives signs of gratification when he drinks good wine; further, that when he pricks himself, she feels it in the same part of her body; when he has diarrhoea, she gets an attack of it. Why, there is even the case of the lady, who, although only in natural rapport with her married sister, felt a sensation in her nipples when her sister was suckling her child.'1 Probably for the purpose of making the whole subject appear ridiculous, the author of the article further states that he also practised magnetism on a well-behaved young girl for a con-siderable time. She was extraordinarily virtuous, and so was he. Yet when he kissed his wife, his clairvoyante felt the kisses energetically, and, finally, when his wife was confined, the girl suffered from severe pains because he had put the two women en rapport. Conversely, it is sometimes asserted that the magnetizer's magnetism renders him clairvoyant in jespect to disease in others, or makes him feel the disease himself.

He then feels the pain in the same place as the patient, without the latter telling him where. In the law case which has already been mentioned, the magnetizer declared, for instance, that when a patient was suffering from liver trouble, he, the magnetizer, also felt pains in his liver, upon which a specialist asked him whereabouts he would feel the pain when he was trying to diagnose the case of a woman suffering from a disease of the womb. It is always a very good thing to consider what the consequences of any particular assumption may be; for, when the consequences are absurd, one's distrust in the accuracy of the assumption is, of course, particularly strengthened.

The transference of thought is usually said to be brought about by A. firmly concentrating his mind on the thought to be transferred. The nearer A. is to B. the better, but the phenomena are also said to have been observed when subject and agent were separated by several kilometres. It is said to be even possible to hypnotize certain people at great distances by concentration of thought; such experiments are said to have succeeded at Havre.

The supposed revelations of dying people are also often referred to some such action at a distance. It is reported that dying people, at the moment of death, or just before, it, appear to some near relative or friend who is far away. Adherents of telepathy refer this to some such mental action at a distance being facilitated by the dying person's intense thoughts of loved ones who are away from him. The English Society for Psychical Research has studied this domain thoroughly. The Society made an inquiry as to the frequency of hallucinations in the waking state (the appearance of some particular person), and also, in a second question, asked whether the waking hallucination corresponded in point of time with the death of the person who appeared in the vision. The English investigators endeavoured to meet the objection that the events of a waking hallucination are entirely independent of the visible processes accompanying death, by comparing the numerical results provided by the answers to the two questions, so as to ascertain the probability of the waking hallucination coinciding with the death of the person supposed to be seen in the vision.