Of course this increase must not be regarded as a phenomenon peculiar to hypnosis, since apart from hypnosis the tendon reflexes are more perceptible when the muscles are relaxed than when they are contracted.

With regard to the pupil of the eye, Braid has already mentioned a difference between its states in hypnosis and in sleep. In sleep there is a contraction of the pupil, but Braid, and later on Heidenhain, often found it dilated in hypnosis. I have never observed the latter phenomenon except when I have employed the method of fixed attention; at other times I have more often found contraction of the pupil. I can confirm Braid's assertion that oscillations of the pupil appear not infrequently in fixation; contraction and dilatation here alternate rapidly. Spasm of accommodation is also often mentioned (Heidenhain, Cohn, Rumpf). The assertion that the pupil reflexes are abnormal in hypnosis is often met with (Luys, Bacchi). It is said that a ray of light does not in-variably cause a contraction of the pupil during hypnosis. I have never observed a complete absence of the reflex, but I have often remarked very slight reaction when I have used the method of fixed attention for a considerable length of time to induce hypnosis. Whether this was an effect of fixation or of the hypnosis is doubtful; I am inclined to consider the prolonged fixation as the cause.

Sgrosso noticed dilatation of the pupils in his two subjects on the appearance of hypnosis, followed by diminished contraction during the state.

We shall see later on that the reflexes can be affected by the action of suggestion on sense-perception. For example, the conjunctiva of the eye can be rendered insensitive by suggestion, so that it may be touched without producing the corresponding reflex.

Up to this point we have hardly studied any but those changes which appear in the voluntary motor system during hypnosis. The hypnoses of the first group (p. 59) are characterized by these changes, which, however, are invariably found in the second group also. The hypnotic states belonging to this group are, however, distinguished by an increase of susceptibility to suggestion; the functions of the organs of sense in particular are influenced by it. The statements of different authors as to how these functions are performed in hypnosis without suggestion are very contradictory. Some investigators (Beaunis, Lajoie, David) assume that in hypnosis without suggestion sense-perception does not deviate from the normal; but others hold the opinion that hypnosis alone - t.e., without suggestion - exerts an influence on the organs of sense. But the views of the various authors differ very considerably on the question of details. Some will not for one moment admit that any hard and fast rules can be laid down. Ochorowicz, for instance, opines that any kind of combination between inhibition and increase, may take place, and that, in this respect, there are just as many forms of hypnosis as of subjects hypnotized.

Others, again, think they are in a position to set forth certain definite laws on the changes in sense-perception. Braid distinguishes two grades in hypnosis. In one an increased activity of sense is shown, except in the case of the sense of sight, and in the other a diminution of it. It is evident that Braid not only found that sense-perception in hypnosis varied according to the depth of the hypnosis, but that he made a distinction in this respect between the various organs of sense, contrasting that of sight with, the others. We also find analogous views expressed by more recent investigators, although their statements as to the individual organs of sense differ essentially from Braid's. Liebault" found changes in the functions of the organs of sense during deep hypnosis. According to him, the senses of sight and taste diminish first, then the sense of smell, and finally hearing and feeling disappear. But when the method of fixed attention is used, sight is the last to go. Crocq considers that the extent of the changes under discussion is determined by the depth of the hypnosis; he, moreover, made inquiries of different investigators as to the condition of sense-perception, mental power, and more particularly memory, in the subjects whom they had hypnotized, and came to the conclusion that we may lay down the general rule - subject, of course, to some exceptions - that the deeper the hypnosis, the greater the diminution in the sensibility of the skin and in the functions of the other organs of sense.

Crocq makes a general exception in the case of the sense of hearing, because the experimenter is in verbal communication with the subject, and involuntarily suggests to the latter that he must continue to hear. De Jong also thinks that the state of the sense-perceptions depends on the depth of the hypnosis, and that one is justified in saying that as a rule these perceptions are diminished in the somnambulic stage.

This branch of the question has been rigorously investigated by Dollken, who has published his results in a valuable work. He was unable to detect any quite definite and regular sequence of the phenomena as far as the individual organs of sense are concerned. The individuality of the subject, and the method of hypnosis employed, each plays a part in this respect. The perceptive faculty of the visual organ is usually the first function diminished, a result which is certainly brought about by hypnotic suggestion. Suggestion of this nature can only very rarely be avoided. Dollken found that by excluding any possible action of verbal suggestion on the other senses that of touch remained longest intact, though in some cases the same held good for the sense of hearing. Dollken did not fail, to perceive a diminution of the perceptive faculty in any of his cases, not even in his own personal experience of being hypnotized for the first time, when he only fell into a somnolent state. "First of all the various articles in the room became less distinct, their outlines less clearly defined; then I became indifferent to the 'passes,' which I had found very unpleasant at the commencement of the experiment.