A long training is not at all necessary; Delbceuf artificially induced the stages of Charcot in one of his own subjects in a very few hours. My object in making these remarks is to warn against attributing too great importance to demonstrations, particularly when these offer symptoms apparently objective and impossible to imitate. It should always be kept in mind that many such symptoms can be produced by training, and can, perhaps, be imitated by practice without hypnosis.

In addition to the artificial cultivation of certain symptoms, "training" also means the production of such particular modifications of hypnosis as are seen after frequent repetitions of the state. As has been said already, it is sometimes necessary to make several attempts before the hypnosis appears. Husson, in 1831, said this with regard to the magnetic sleep. In other cases hypnosis is produced very quickly, though it may take several sittings to produce deep hypnosis. In one case which I have seen, hypnosis with sense-delusions only resulted after eighty attempts, though lighter states had been attained earlier. Training not only makes the hypnosis deeper, but makes it appear more quickly. But, undoubtedly, a deep hypnosis may occasionally be induced at the first attempt; and Forel is right when he warns us against overestimating the value of constant repetition. I have often seen a subject fall into so deep a hypnosis in a minute or two on the first trial that posthypnotic negative hallucinations could be induced at once.

But in most cases it is necessary to give the subject a hypnotic training in order to make the state as deep as possible. For this a particular method is advisable, as otherwise the deepening is not always attained. The first suggestions should be possible, and progress should be gradual. More will be attained in this way than by suggesting impossible situations at first which the patient will decline. And if a suggestion is often declined, there is apt to arise in the subject the auto-suggestion that he is refractory to this suggestion, or perhaps to any other suggestion. I therefore strongly recommend such a method for post-hypnotic suggestion. A man is in the hypnotic state for the first time. I suggest that when he wakes he shall call me an insulting name. He does not do it, but is perfectly ready to carry out another posthypnotic suggestion; for instance, to tell me that he was quite well. Here there is only a slight degree of suggestibility at first, but it is quite possible by frequent repetition and gradual increase to get much more complicated suggestions carried out.

This concludes my review of the symptomatology of hypnosis. We have seen that the symptoms are of manifold kinds, and I may add that they are hardly ever identical in two different persons. In spite of conformity to law, one human body is never exactly like another, the mental state of one man is never exactly like another's. It is the same in hypnosis; one man displays this symptom with greater clearness, another that. We shall never be able to find a subject in whom all the symptoms are united, just as we cannot find a patient who has all the symptoms of an illness as they are theoretically described.

ten, and wake up when you get to three." He counts up to ten, but is awake while counting from four to ten.

In other cases the suggestion only takes effect after waking. I say to the subject, "You will not be able to move your right arm after you wake." He wakes, and is unable to move it, though otherwise in a normal state. Exactly the same effects may be produced after an interval of hours, days, weeks, and months. I say to a subject, "When you come to see me this day week, you will not be able to speak when you come into the room." He comes to see me in a week, and is fully awake when he enters the room; I ask him his name, but he is unable to say it or anything else. Here we have an example of fulfilment of suggestion after an interval, or suggestion a echeance, deferred suggestion, as it is called.

The moment for the fulfilment of the post-hypnotic suggestion can be decided in several ways. Here is a subject to whom I say, "An hour after you wake you will hear a polka played; you will believe you are at a ball, and will begin to dance." To another, whom I wake at eight o'clock, I say, "When the clock strikes nine, you will take the water-bottle from the table and walk up and down the room three times with it." The moment of fulfilment is decided differently in these two cases. In the first case an abstract term, an hour, is fixed; in the second, the moment is decided by a concrete external sign.

When it has been decided that the moment of the fulfilment of a post-hypnotic suggestion shall be determined by an external sign, it is as well to choose a stimulus which can easily be repeated.

I try a subject, X., with the post-hypnotic suggestion that he is to call one of the spectators a blockhead directly the clock strikes. X. does not obey; the moment the clock strikes he has an idea of what he is intended to do, but refuses to put it into action. Should I, however, instead of choosing the striking of the clock select some other stimulus which also arouses the idea and at the same time is sufficiently lasting to make it continuous, the desired result will then be attained. For example, the suggestion will be carried out if I say to a subject, "Directly I rub my hands together after you wake up you will call that gentleman a blockhead." As soon as X. is awake I rub my hands together, and the idea of what he is intended to do immediately arises in his mind; but he succeeds in resisting it for a time. I then keep on rubbing my hands together - perhaps for a minute or more - X.'s resistance gradually weakens, and. in the end he obeys the command.