There are many varieties of hoppers, made in iron or in earthenware. The latter are much preferable, and the former should never be used unless well enameled inside. Among hopper closets I mention Hellyer's long and short "Artisan" hoppers, Myers' "Niagara" hopper, Demarest's long and short earthen hoppers, Huber's long and short earthen hoppers, Rhoads' hopper, Ivers' hopper, Harrison's drip tray bowl flush ing rim hopper, the Lambeth " Cottage" closet, Smith's "Odorless " hopper, Henderson's Automatic water closet, Mad-dock's hopper, Moore's "perfectly odorless" sanitary closet, Watson's hopper and others.

Hoppers (Figs. 4, D & E) are sometimes liable to become soiled at the sides of the bowl, and for this reason have not become favorites with many. The hopper lacks the advantage of the pan, valve and plunger closets, in which the excrements drop immediately into a more or less large body of water, and thus carried in suspension by the water, are easily removed from the bowl by tilting the pan or valve, or by lifting the plunger. A good practice is to wet the sides of the hopper before use, and where the hopper is flushed by a special cistern such a device has been arranged to work automatically. The rear part of a hopper should be vertical and straight, so that matters will drop immediately into the water of the trap without touching the sides of the hopper. The inside of hoppers should be very smooth, and for this reason, earthenware is much preferred to enameled iron, because the enamel scales off gradually. In order to have as little surface as possible exposed to fouling the sides of the hopper should be short, which is in some accomplished by having the trap above the floor. The apparent greater cleanliness of the pan, valve or plunger closets is simply a delusion. It is true, the hopper will sometimes have its sides soiled with ex-crementitious matter, when the supply or the manner of flush is inadequate. But the defect is in sight; it shows itself to the person using or in care of the closet, and it can easily be remedied by proper occasional application of hot water, soap and a scrubbing brush.

Not so with the other closets. The dirty matter may be out of sight, but it often remains hidden in those parts of the closet which are not easily accessible, and therefore never cleaned or inspected, until a leakage occurs, or until some foul odor compels the householder to call for the plumber.

The great merit of hoppers lies in their simplicity and in the total absence of any mechanical parts which, sooner or later, fail to work properly, especially when the closet is carelessly used. Much depends with a hopper closet upon the manner of flush. The practice of turning a stopcock and thus introducing a feeble stream into the hopper, which whirls around its inside, is objectionable. Hopper closets should always be provided with flushing cisterns allowing a bountiful supply to rush vertically downward through a large supply pipe and a well-shaped flushing rim.

Rhoads' porcelain seated hopper is a cleanly device for hospitals, schools, factories, railroad depots, public buildings, etc, provided it is well flushed, and only where the apartment can be well heated in winter, as otherwise, the seat being cold, the closet is liable to be improperly used.

Hoppers with wooden rims for a seat, attached to the bowl will answer better than Rhoads' hopper in exposed places, the only objection being the possible absorption of urine through the wood.