To this class belong the following water closets: The old "Brahmah " closet, Hellyer's improved valve closet, the Lambeth valve closet, Tylor & Sons' patent valve closet, Underhay'a valve closet, Bolding's "Simple" valve closet, Carr's American "Defiance" closet, Mott's "Climax" closet, Mott's "Whirlpool" closet, Demarest's "Acme" closet, the Alexander water closet, the "Victor" sanitary valve; closet, the Lambeth trapless closet, Tylor & Sons' trap!' closet. Bean's valve closet and others.

The valve closets (Fig. 4. B) are cer-uly a vast improvement upon the pan closet. Instead of being closed by a pan, the bottom of the bowl is closed by a flap-valve, from which the closet takes its name. This valve is tightly held in place by a counterweight on a lever to which the pull is attached. By lifting the pull, the valve, which is hinged, is turned downward. and allows the contents of the bow] to drop into the trap.

The container is much smaller than in the case of pan closets. It generally has a ventilating pipe to remove foul gases.

The bowl holds a 1arge quantity of water into which the solids are dropped and instantly deodorized. It is provided with some of the best closets of this type, with a superior flushing rim. and is flushed by a special cistern. As the flap closes tightly against the bottom of the bowl this must be provided with an overflow which should have a trapped connection to the container. Unless some water is furnished to this at each flush it is liable to lose its seal by evaporation, thus establishing a direct connection between the container and the atmosphere of the water closet apartment. Such driblet to the trap of the overflow is supplied at each flush in the better valve closets. There is some danger of the fouling of the contain

To prevent this the better closets have the inside of the container enameled, and as a larger body of water rushes from the bowl through the container at each discharge, the danger is much less than with the pan closet.

If such closets are flushed from a valve the solids will be driven out of the lead trap only after repeated flushing. Better closets of this class have suitably arranged cisterns, which deliver quickly a large body of water to bowls with improved flushing rims, and thus the danger from foul matter being retained in the trap is much reduced. After continued use the flap-valve is liable to leak; excrements or paper may stick to it and prevent its tight closing, and all water will leak out of the bowl. Thus the additional water-seal is lost and the bowl is more liable to become fouled.

The Lambeth and Tylor's trapless closets are different from those just described. The outlet of their bowl is placed at the side, not at the bottom, and is closed by a vertical flap valve hinged to spindle and lever, and held in place by a counterweight.

Such valves may be less liable to be fouled with solid matters and may close more tightly on this account. The water rushing out of the bowl in a large body will effectually flush the outlet of the closet.

Both closets do away with the trap and rely for exclusion of sewer gas only upon the flap-valve and the water in the bowl. In speaking of traps under fixtures I have already stated that each fixture should have a trap, and I would much prefer dispensing with the additional water-seal in the bowl than with the trap underneath the closet. Such trapless closets are not safe, for should the mechanism of the flap-valve get out of order the house would be entirely open to the invasion of sewer gas from the soil pipes.