Name different kinds of water closets that are considered sanitary.

The washout water closet, the washdown, syphon, syphon jet, washdown-syphonic action water closets, and lowdown styles.

What qualities should a sanitary water closet possess?

It should be well trapped; the trap should have a good seal; all surfaces exposed to soil should be well scoured; the flush should be abundant, and noiseless, without undue waste of water. The trap seal should not be hidden, and no mechanical devices should be used with the exception of the tank, in the action of the water closet.

Why should cistern or tank water closets be used?

In order that there may be no direct communication between the water closet and the house drinking water, also that a better flush may be supplied.

Explain the action of the syphon water closet.

An explanation will be found under "Syphonage."

Name some of the advantages of the modern styles of water closets over the old styles.

Dead ends that are neither supplied with ventilation nor water, are avoided. Sections of pipe that in the old closets between trap and bowl, were unprotected, in the new closets are covered with water; a better flush is secured, better ventilation, and a greater degree of cleanliness, with less odor.

How are modern water closets set?

The best plan is to use a brass flange to which the lead bend is soldered, using a rubber gasket between the flange and the base of the closet. In some cities it is allowable to flange the lead bend off on the floor, and to use a ring of putty between the closet and the lead for the joint.