The following are the ordinary measuring, marking, and holding tools:

1. Four-fold, two-foot rule. The graduations of inches and even fractions of an inch running from right to left.

2. Full size of portion of inside divided into, a, sixteenths; b, one of the scales usually found on the carpenter's rule. It is the three-quarter inch to one foot scale.

3. Portion of the metric rule. This rule is one meter long, divided into ten segments, each one decimeter, which is divided into ten centimeters, and each centimeter into ten millimeters, or thousandths of a meter.

4. Full size of one end of the metric rule. Note that the centimeters are numbered from left to right.

5. A circle is divided into three hundred and sixty degrees; a quarter-circle, a, has ninety degrees, and measures a right or square angle. The arc, b, measures a thirty degrees opening; c, forty-five degrees; d, sixty degrees.

6. Carpenter's steel square, used for measuring and marking timber; the long side twenty-four inches, the short side sixteen; the outer edges graduated into sixteenths, the inner into quarters or eighths.

7. Try-square, rosewood handle faced with brass, steel blade.

8. Small steel square for testing fine work.

9. Sliding T-bevel, for marking or testing other than a square angle.

10. Carpenters use three sizes of pencils: a short stick of plumbago, three quarters inch square, a large pencil (see section), and an ordinary No. 3.

11. Bench-knife; at a, round taper-point for scratching; at b, a knife-edge. 12. Marking-gauge: a, the bar; b, the head.

13. Spring compasses. 14. Plumb-bob and line.

15. Spirit-level: a for horizontal, b for vertical surfaces.

16. Bench-vise: a, bench-screw. The vise is adjusted by the screw and a strip containing holes or notches, fastened to the bottom of the vise.

17. Bench-stop of hard maple, about two inches square. There is a great variety of iron bench-stops.

18. Pine bench-hook. 19. Iron bench-dog. 20. Iron clamp. 21. Hand-screw. 22. Oil-stone. 23. Oil-slip. 24. Oil-can. 25. Miter-box with one side projecting to catch against the bench-top. 26. Glue-pot: a, for the water; b, for the glue.

27. Carpenter's horse.