Jack rafters.

Lookouts.

Purlins.

Ridge.

Sheeting.

Shingles.

Valley rafters.

Elevation Members

Braces. Corner posts. Posts in cellar. Sheathing for sides. Stair stringers. Studs.

Miscellaneous

Bridging.

Furring and strapping.

Labor.

In estimating the quantities in the frame of a building, it is usual to select all of the rough lumber costing about the same, add the different kinds together, and estimate the aggregate at an average price.

Studs, if set 16" to centers, are counted one to each foot in the width of the walls and the partitions, and one for each opening and angle. This will give enough for gable studs, scaffoldings, and for various other purposes not included in any estimate. A more exact method is to calculate the width of the partitions and walls, to subtract a third of that amount in feet from the total, and to add one for each angle and two for each opening. The former method is the one in common use among builders.

In setting studding upon ordinary work, about 20 lb. of nails and spikes are used for each 1000 ft. Two men should cut and set from 600 to 800 ft. of 2" X 4" or 2" X 6" studding per day.

Note. - In all estimates for labor, handling lumber and erecting scaffolding are included.

Unless otherwise specified, the word "feet" used in connection with quantities of lumber means square feet or board measure.

As the corner posts are included with the studs, if the estimates are made as described above, do not estimate them again, but instead order them the full height of the corner.

Calculate the number of floor joists, common rafters, and tie beams needed, and add one for the starter. To find the number of jack rafters, those upon one side of each corner should be counted, and their length estimated as a full length common rafter, which will practically equal the actual measurement.

For setting rafters and floor joists, about 30 lb. of spikes and nails per 1000 ft. will generally be used. Two men will cut and place about 500 ft. of rafters in a day, and, if the building is not too irregular, 1000 ft. to 1300 ft. of floor joists.

If sheathing is to be laid horizontally, estimate the actual area, making no allowance for openings or waste. If it is laid diagonally, allow 10 per cent for waste besides the openings. In estimating the roofing boards or sheeting, allow 25 per cent for waste if the sheeting is laid with close joints, but if there is a space of 2 inches between the boards, and they are not more than 6" or 7" wide, an estimate of a fourth less than the actual area will be safe. The above two items will require about 25 lb. of nails per 1000 ft.

For a day's work, two men should lay 1000 ft. of sheathing if laid horizontally, or 800 ft. if laid diagonally; if matched, the amount will be 20 per cent to 25 per cent less. Two men should lay from 500 ft. to 1000 ft. of roof sheeting per day, varying according to the number of hips and valleys in the roof. It generally costs about $8 per M to handle and put sheeting in place.

A man should cut and nail six to eight sets of bridging per hour.

No prices for bolts, anchors, plates, and other iron work can be given which will be of any value, as they are governed by the state of the market, so the builder should always have figures submitted, if any considerable amount is to be used.

Circular towers, bay windows, etc., are usually estimated at twice the cost of straight work. Under floors may be laid at the rate of from 10 to 12 squares per day.

Many builders lump the above quantites, and estimate the cost of the labor in framing to equal half of the cost of the material. Others estimate the framing at $10 per M, which is in most places a fair price.

65. Roofing. - A carpenter will lay from 1500 to 2000 shingles per day, and use from 7 1/2 to 10 lb. of 4d nails, but there are professional shinglers who can lay as many as 5000. An all-round carpenter will rarely average more than the above, and not that if the roof is very badly cut up. Generally it will cost about $1.50 per M to lay shingles.

A box of tin for roofing will cover about 180 sq. ft. and require about 10 lb. of solder, 2 lb. of tinned roofing-nails, and about 15 hours' work to prepare the tin for the roof and to put it on. To this is to be added the cost of painting the under side of the tin before laying. In dry climates this is not often done. Painting the roof after it is laid is often a part of the painter's contract, though the first painting is considered part of the original cost of the roof.

Though the price of a tin roof usually is estimated at from $8 to $10 per square, the above data will allow the roof to be estimated according to local conditions.

A slate roof should be estimated by one who makes that work a business, but generally $9 per square is a safe estimate, though the price varies between $7 and $12, according to the nature of the roof, the quality of the material, and the work required.

66. Joinery. - Under the head of joinery we shall treat the building after the carpenter has finished the framing, covering, and roofing, and discuss the topics of inside and outside finishing.

The items to be considered under the above head are as follows; -

Outside Finish Base or water table. Corner boards. Cornice. Moldings. Siding.

Stairs Balusters.

Handrail.

Newel posts.

Rail bolts.

Risers.

Section posts.

Skirting boards.

Stringers or carriages.

Treads.

Windows Blinds. Frames. Glazing.

Sash.

Doors Doors. Frames.

Veranda Balusters. Brackets. Capitals. Floor. Posts. Rail.

Inside Finish Architraves. Baseboard. Corner blocks. Flooring. Moldings. Plinths. Wainscoting.

Miscellaneous Grounds. Labor.

Sheathing paper. Shelving. Shingles.

Window frames may be bought at prices which range between $1 and as high as a specially designed and very elaborate frame may cost; but a good frame, and such as is in common use, may be bought for from $1.25 to $1.75. Usually they arrive from the factory in shooks, or knocked down, so about 1} hours should be allowed for nailing up and setting each frame. In this, as in all work, add 5 per cent for each story in height for the cost of handling.