This section is from the book "Carpentry", by Ira Samuel Griffith. Also available from Amazon: Carpentry.
Excavations are estimated in terms of the cubic yard, 27 cubic feet. The price per yard will vary according to the nature of the soil.
Where ground is not level, the plot should be divided into squares, each square being figured as to its cubical contents and the various amounts combined.
Spading or picking - labor, ¾ hour at............................
Throwing out - labor, ¾ hour at................................
Wheeling 50 feet, ⅜ hour at....................................
Cost per yard................................................$
 
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