71. Logograms Represent Derivative Words As Well As Prim-Itives

It will be noticed that when a logogram represents a primitive word it also frequently represents one or more of its derivatives. In printing these in the foregoing table, for the sake of compactness the termination only of the derivative word is given attached to the primitive with a hyphen. Thus, represents both give and given. Of course, only such derivative words as will not conflict with the primitive word in meaning are represented by the sign of the primitive.

72. Position Of Horizontal Logograms

Just as the vowel logo-grams are written in two positions - on and above the line (see par. 70) - so also may horizontal consonant logograms be written. It will be noticed that, with few exceptions, logograms are written above the line to represent words whose accented vowels are of the first place. The distance above the line at which such vowel and horizontal consonant logograms are written is exactly the height of stroke-t.

Consonant Logograms

Concluded.

73. The Nominal Consonant

It is sometimes necessary to write a vowel or diphthong considered apart from any consonant, as in writing a word which consists of a vowel only, like the words awe, owe, ah, oh. In such cases the sign or , called the nominal consonant, is used simply to furnish a stroke of no definite consonantal value to which the vowel may be placed. The little cross tick at the end of the stroke may be considered as canceling the consonant. The dash vowels may be struck through the stroke, tints canceling the stroke and writing the vowel with a single movement of the pen.

The six long vowels are thus represented:

Exercise on Consonant Logograms-II.