91. The Small Loop

St with no intervening vowel is represented in phonography by a small loop one-half the length of the stroke to which it is attached, written in the involute direction to straight strokes and on the concave side of curves (compare paragraph 79). It is used chiefly (a) at the end of strokes (see lines 1 to 3) but (b) may also be initial (see lines 8 to 10). It is used to a slight extent (c) in the middle of words (see line 11), but never when the stroke which follows is of such a direction as to cut through the stroke to which the loop is attached. The loop cannot be used in words like vestige.

92. Vocalization Of Outlines Containing Loops

As in the case of the circle (see paragraph 80) a vowel cannot be placed to the loop, but must be written and read with reference to the stroke.

93. Rules For The Use Of Loop-St

a. When a word begins with st use the loop. b. When the word begins with a vowel followed by st use the stroke-s. c. When the word ends with st use the loop. d. When the word ends with a vowel preceded by st use the circle-s and stroke-t, as gust , gusty. e. When a vowel occurs between s and t, the loop cannot be used.

94. Representation Of Zd

a. The small loop may be used to represent zd at the end of outlines which contain two or more strokes (see line 5). b. After a single stroke the form must be used (see line 6) except (c) after and when the loop may be used, but must be shaded (see line 7).

95. Loop And Circle Combined

When the loop st is followed by s, the circle should be written through the stroke as in line 4. These forms are chiefly used in writing the plural of nouns, and the third-person singular of verbs.