Candolle. I. Augustin Pyramus De, a Swiss botanist, born in Geneva, Feb. 4, 1778, died there, Sept. 9,1841. • Up to the age of 16 poetry and literature were his favorite studies; but subsequently he devoted himself to the study of natural history, especially of botany, which became his favorite pursuit. In 1799 he commenced the publication of the Histoire des planter grasses, of which the 4th and last volume appeared in 1803. In 1802 he became assistant professor to Cuvier at the college de France, and was elected honorary professor of natural history at the academy of Geneva. In 1803 his notable essay Sur la fertilisation des dunes appeared in the Annales de Vagriculture frangaise; and in 1804, upon receiving his degree of doctor of medicine, he published an Essai sur les proprieties medicinales des plantes. He also prepared a sketch of his lectures for Lamarck's third edition of La fiore francaise, which was enriched by 6,000 additional species of plants accurately described, a table of synonymous botanical terms, a botanical synopsis, and all the additions and emendations required by the new developments of vegetable anatomy and physiology. The work was not completed till 1815, but the appearance of the first volumes placed De Can-dolle in the foremost ranks of botanical science.

In 1806 lie was commissioned to visit all the provinces of the French empire, then including Belgium, northern Italy, and the countries on the Rhine, and report upon their agricultural condition. Six years were" devoted to this task, and six successive reports, embodying the results of his observations, were published in the memoirs of the agricultual society of the department of the Seine. In 1807 he became professor of botany in the medical faculty of Montpellier, and in 1810 was appointed to the same chair in the faculty of sciences. In 1813 he published the Theorie elementaire de la bo-tanique (3d ed. by his son, Alphonse de Can-dolle, 1844), a work remarkable for its profound analysis and scientific views of method, which was translated into German, English, and Spanish. In 1815 he was appointed rector of the university of Montpellier; but he resigned and returned to Geneva, where a chair of natural history and a botanical garden were established especially for him. In 1818 he began the publication of the Regni Vegetabilis Systema Naturale. Two volumes only of this gigantic work appeared; but he continued the same plan in a modified form, in his Prodro-mus Systematic Regni Vegetabilis, seu Enume-ratio Methodica Ordinum, Generum, Specie-rumque, etc, which appeared in Paris in 1824 and following years.

After his death this elaborate work was continued by his son. assisted by other able botanists, the 15th volume being completed in 1866. Besides the works already named, he published a number of other books and dissertations. De Candolle was not only distinguished as a botanist, but also as a citizen. His Rapport sur les magasins de subsistances contains many luminous ideas on political economy. II. Alphonse Louis Pierre Pyramus de, son of the preceding, born in Paris, Oct. 27, 1806. He received his "diploma as doctor of law at Geneva in 1829; but devoting himself to botany, he assisted his father, and on his death in 1841 succeeded him for 18 years as professor at the academy of Geneva, and was at the same time director of the botanical garden. He was elected corresponding member of the French academy in 1851. Besides his continuation of his father's Prodromus, he has published Geographic botanique raisonnee (2 vols., 1855), Histoire des sciences et des savants depuis de Candolle (Geneva, 1873), etc.