In consequence of such cruelties the entire nation again flew to arms, under the lead of Abd-el-Kader, who maintained the struggle through the reign of Louis Philippe. (See Abd-el-Kader.) In December, 1847, he surrendered to Gen. Lamoriciere. The war against Abd-el-Kader thus closed had been signalized on the part of the French by many cruelties, none of which produced so painful a sensation as an act of Col. Pelissier, in 1845, in smothering several hundred Arabs in a cavern. The next notable insurrection was that of the fanatical Marabout Si-Bou-Zian, who in 1849 raised a rebellion among the mountain tribes, but was finally pursued by the French to the oasis of Zaatsha, where he perished (Nov. 26), with the entire population of his last stronghold. Gen. St. Arnaud in 1851, and Marshal Randon in 1857, fought with success against the Kabyles. - The administration of Algeria underwent a considerable change by the imperial decrees of 1858, which abolished the office of governor general, and appointed Prince Napoleon chief of a special ministry for Algerian affairs. The civil districts were more strictly separated from the military territory, and general councils introduced.

But after a trial of only two years, the government was regarded as a failure; the Algerian ministry was abolished, and Marshal Pelissier reappointed to the office of governor general, which he had previously filled for a few months in 1851. One of the greatest benefits which the French rule has conferred upon both colonists and natives is the successful boring of a number of artesian wells in the desert, the first of which was begun in 1856. In February, 1863, Napoleon III., in a letter to the governor general, expressed the opinion that Algeria properly was not a French colony, but an Arabic kingdom; that it was wrong to take from the natives any part of their property: that, on the contrary, the tribes and parts of tribes should be made the owners of the territory they occupied; and that a careful legislation should regulate the conditions of personal property. Though this letter appeared to make some impression upon the minds of the natives, the year 1864 witnessed anew insurrection in the south of Algeria, which was headed by Si-Lala; but at the close of the year the country, of which Gen. MacMahon after the death of Pelissier had been appointed governor general, was again fully pacified.

In May, 18G5, Napoleon paid a visit to Algeria, and there addressed a proclamation to the population, in which he repeated the sentiments expressed in the letter to Pelissier. From October, 1865, to the beginning of 1867, the French were again harassed by new insurrections under the leadership of Si-Lala and Si-Hamed ben Hamza, who in 1861 had been made a commander of the legion of honor. Si-Hamed. at the head of about 12,000 cavalry, committed great depredations among the tribes friendly to the French rule; but at the beginning of 1867 all the insurgents had either been driven into the Sahara or annihilated. From 1869 to 1870 the colony suffered from famine, locusts, and earthquakes, but was almost free from warfare. After the outbreak of the Franco-German war, the French government in July, 1870, called Governor General MacMahon, and with him the larger portion of the native troops, to the seat of war in France. The news of the disaster at Sedan caused insurrectionary movements in the province of Con-stantine in September, 1870, and in October in Oran, where the insurgents were joined by some Moroccan tribes; but Gen. Durieu, the successor of MacMahon, succeeded in preventing the troubles from spreading.

At the same time the European colonists asked for the abolition of the military administration; and a civil governor was appointed, under whom three prefects administer the three provinces. Algeria also obtained representation in the national assembly which in February, 1871, met in Bordeaux. - See MacCarthy, Algeria Ro-mana (Algiers, 1867); Daumas, Le Sahara Algerien (Paris, 1845), Le grand desert (2d ed., 1849), and La Grande Kabylie (1847); Yusuf (a chief of the Turkish troops in Algeria who joined the French as early as 1832, and subsequently rose to the rank of a general), Sur les guerres en Afrique (Algiers); Nettement, His-tolre de la conquete d' Alger, ecrite sur les documents inedits et authentiques (2d ed., 1871).