Ethnology treats of races.

Medicine studies individuals.

Ethnography is the description of peoples.

Philology inquires into the language of man.

The Guanches were the aborigines of the Canary Islands.

Sociology investigates the principles of human development.

Anthropology studies man as a whole and in his relations to other animals.

Blumenbach divided man into five races - Mongolian, Malay, American, Ethiopian and Caucasian.

The most influential of the people of Hungary are the Magyars. In language they are closely related to the Finns.

The Bible tells us that the differences in language of men began with the confusion of tongues at the tower of Babel.

The Calumet is the pipe of peace smoked by the North American Indians, both in their councils and on the conclusion of a peace.

Craniology or the study of the skull has proved a valuable though not entirely trustworthy aid in the investigation of racial differences.

Cyclopaean works are ancient structures of huge, unhewn and un-cemented blocks of stone. Examples in Sicily, Peru and Ireland.

The three types of man differ much in temperament. The Ethiopian is sensuous, unintellectual, cheerful and even boisterous, but fitful.

The Lesghians are a Tartar race of the Eastern Caucasus, and form the majority of the people of Daghestan. They are Mahommedan in religion.

The Cimbri were the ancient inhabitants of Jutland, of disputed nationality. They made serious incursions into Italy, but were utterly routed by the Romans, 101 b. c, and were afterwards merged in the Saxons.

Borough-English was an ancient custom by which the youngest son inherits property instead of the eldest son. It is mentioned as early as 834.

The Huns were a fierce tribe of Asiatics. They invaded Hungary (376) and expelled the Goths, but were thoroughly beaten (451) at Chalons by Aetius.

In India there are separate classes of society called castes. They are the Brahmins, the military class, the commercial class, and the servile class or pariahs.

The study of man's speech is a study of man himself. His words originated in his wants and works and indicate to us his occupation and to some extent his character.

Anthropophagi is another name for cannibals. It is said that the Caribs were cannibals before the Spanish conquest, and that the term cannibal arose from that fact.

Cuvier and Talu, scientists, have combined the first three in Blumen-bach's classification and consider the fundamental types of man as three - Ethiopic, Mongolic and Caucasic.

The original inhabitants of Borneo were called Dyaks. They were great pirates and practiced head-hunting, but modern civilization has nearly demolished those practices.

The full-blooded South African negro is remarkable for his extraordinary length of arm, the Aymara Indian of Peru for the surprising shortness of the corresponding member.

Land held by the community in Anglo-Saxon times was called Folc-land. It could be let for a term to individuals, but reverted to the community on the expiration of that term.

Avebury stones are supposed to be the remains of Druidical structures at Avebury, in Wiltshire, and are the largest in England. They are upright stones of about seventeen feet in height.

The ancient inhabitants of the Crimea were called Cimmerians. In the "Odyssey" the Cimmerii were people living beyond the ocean in thickest gloom; hence " Cimmerian darkness."

Shamanism was the heathen religion of the Turanian races of Siberia. Its characteristic is a belief in magic, the shaman, or wizard-priest, being closely akin to the medicine-man of the Red Indians.

Coolies are Indian and Chinese laborers who emigrate to foreign lands. The American and European residents in the treaty ports of China apply the same term to the native laborers in their employ.

The system in Anglo-Saxon times by which communities were divided into tithings of ten houses, the holders of which were responsible for faults or crimes committed by any of them, was called " fraud pledge."

The Wends, a branch of the western Slavs, were in the sixth century a powerful race, extending from the Elbe to the Vistula, but they are now confined to the district known as Lusatia, partly in Prussia and partly in Saxony.

The Goorkhas are a tribe of mountaineers in Nepaul, India. Though small in stature, they are possessed of indomitable courage and bravery, having signally distinguished themselves in the campaign undertaken by the British in India.

The period during which stone implements, unpolished, were used by early man is called the Palaeolithic Age. Contemporaneous with the Palaeolithic Age were many mammals now extinct, as the cave bear, the woolly rhinoceros, etc.

The Celts were an ancient Aryan race formerly inhabiting Gaul. The name has been applied to the primitive races of Ireland, Scotland and Wales, but neither Greeks nor Romans regarded the British Isles as belonging to the Celtic world.

The Belgae were German and Celtic tribes inhabiting the tract of country extending from the Atlantic to the Rhine, and from the Marne to the Seine. They were very valiant, and some of them were found in Kent and Sussex by Caesar on his invasion of Britain.

The countries relatively richest in horses and horned stock are Argentine and Uruguay; Austria has the most sheep; Servia the greatest relative number of pigs to population. The poorest in horses is Italy; in cattle, Portugal; in sheep, Belgium; in hogs, Greece.

The people known as lake-dwellers gave rise to the term "Lacustrian Period," an extremely remote age when human habitations, for the sake of security, were built in the midst of lakes. Remains of such habitations exist in certain lakes of Switzerland, Scotland, Ireland, etc.

Brochs are prehistoric structures in Scotland resembling low circular roofless towers, with walls of great thickness of unhewn stones and. enclosed by a narrow passage, chiefly in Orkney, Shetland, etc. The brochs of Mousa is a typical and the best preserved example.