The two preceding sections have shown that the doctrine of implied powers is sufficiently broad to justify the exercise by the Federal Government of powers not deduced from specific grants of authority, but from the general fact that the United States is, with reference to its own citizens and its constituent Commonwealths, a fully sovereign national -State, and, with reference to other States, a political power equipped with all the authority possessed by other independent States. Story in his Commentaries describes as "Resulting Powers" these federal powers which result from the aggregate authority of the General Government. That federal authority may be deduced from this general source and that it is not necessary for the Federal Government to trace back every one of its powers to some single grant of authority, was early stated by Marshall in Cohens v. Virginia.20 In that case he said: "It is to be observed that it is not indispensable to the existence of every power claimed for the Federal Government that it can be found specified in the words of the Constitution, or clearly and directly traceable to some one of the specified powers. Its existence may be deduced fairly from more than one of the substantive powers expressly defined, or from them all combined. It is allowable to group together any number of them and to infer from them all that the power claimed has been conferred." And later in the same opinion he says: "And it is of importance to observe that Congress has often exercised, without question, powers that are not expressly given nor ancillary to any single enumerated power."

19 149 U. S. 698; 13 Sup. Ct. Rep. 1016; 37 L. ed. 905.