The greatest difficulty involved in this topic is to determine what presumption arises when the debtor delivers a thing of value other than money to his creditor. Upon this question there is the greatest divergence of authority. The same state may, furthermore, treat one kind of instrument as prima facie payment and another kind as prima facie collateral security only. The general weight of authority is that anything of value other than money delivered by the debtor to the creditor is prima facie collateral security only, or conditional payment, and not absolute payment.1 If the debtor delivers property to his creditor or performs services for him, this is not prima facie payment.2 If the debtor voluntarily conveys realty to his creditor,3 or if the debtor buys realty in the name of his creditor and pays for it, this is not prima facie payment of the debt.4

If the delivery of the property is on account of the debt, it is prima facie collateral security,5 and if not, the delivery of the property or rendition of the services may give a right of action to the debtor, but does not amount to payment.6

Independent demands in favor of a debtor as against a creditor may give the right of set-off, but do not by operation of law amount to payment.7 Assignments of non-negotiable choses in action are prima facie, not absolute payment.8 So a non-negotiable order is not prima facie absolute payment.9

13 Lyons v. Bank, 86 Ga. 485, 12 L. R. A 155, 12 S E 882; Shepherd v. Buseh, 154 Pa. St. 119, 35 Am. St. Rep. 815, 26 Atl 363.

14 Quimby v. Durgin, 148 Mass. 104, 1L R A. 514, 19 N E. 14.

15 Fidelity Ins., Trust & Safe Deposit Co. v. Shenandoah Valley By, 80 Va. 1, 19 Am. St. Rep 858, 9 S. E 759.

1 Borland v Nevada Bank, 00 Cal 80, 37 Am St. Rep. 32, 33 Pac 737; Green v. Disbrow, 79 N. Y. 1, 35 Am. Rep. 400.

2 Borland v. Nevada Bank, 99 Cal 80, 37 Am St. Rep 32, 33 Pac. 737.

3 Barris v Emmons, 173 Mich. 590, 130 N. W. 872

4 Feder v. Ervin (Tenn. Ch. App.), 36 L R. A. 335. 5 Grant v. School Town, 71 Ind. 58.

6 Green v. Disbrow, 79 N. Y. 1,35 Am. Rep. 400.

7 California. Borland v. Nevada Bank, 00 Cal. 89, 37 Am. St. Rep. 32, 33 Pac. 737.

Delaware. Burton v. Willin, 6 Houst (Del ) 522, 22 Am. St. Rep 363.

Minnesota. Rugland v. Thompson, 48 Minn 539, 51 N W. 604.

New York. White v. Benjamin, 138 N Y. 623, 33 N. E. 1037.

Vermont. Blair v. White, 61 Vt. 110, 17 Atl. 49.