Among the terms used may be mentioned the following:

(1) Upsetting is the increase in thickness and decrease in length produced by hammering a hot piece of metal on the end. Upsetting is resorted to for forging bolt heads, and for forming a bulk of metal as ample stock for further heating and hammering operations in welding, etc.

(2) Drawing out is the opposite of upsetting and is used when work is to be pointed or made smaller in cross-section.

(3) Scarfing is the tapering of two ends of metal so that they may fit together at their surfaces of contact as if one continuous piece.

(4) Swaging is the reducing of cross-section, and finally the shaping and finishing a bar or rod by use of the swage block or by use of the top and bottom swages on the anvil.