Apothecaries' Fluid Measure:

60 minims = 1 fluid dram

8 fluid drams = 1 fluid ounce 16 fluid ounces = 1 liquid pint 8 liquid pints = 1 gallon

(British measures differ from above) Apothecaries' Weight:

20 grains = 1 scruple

3 scruples = 1 dram

8 drams = 1 ounce

12 ounces = 1 pound

Avoirdupois Weight:

27 1/3 1/2 grains 16 drams 16 ounces 25 pounds

28 pounds

4 quarters

= 1 dram

= 1 ounce

= 1 pound

= 1 short quarter

= 1 long quarter

= 1 hundredweight short hundredweight = 100 pounds lone hundredweight =112 pounds

20 hundredweight = 1 ton short ton = 2000 pounds long ton = 2240 pounds

Circular Measure:

60 seconds = 1 minute

60 minutes = 1 degree

90 degrees = 1 quadrant

4 quadrants = 1 circle or circumference

Cubic Measure:

1728 cubic inches = 1 cubic foot

27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard

144 cubic inches = 1 board foot

128 cubic feet = 1 cord

Dry Measure:

2 pints =

1 quart

8 quarts =

1 peck

4 pecks =

1 bushel

1 barrel (for fruit, vegetables, and other dry commodities)

= 7056 cubic inches

105 dry quarts

Kitchen measures

See pages 157 and 158

Linear Measure:

12 inches = 1 foot 3 feet = 1 yard 5 1/2 yards = 1 rod or pole

40 rods = 1 furlong

8 furlongs = 1 statute mile (1760 yards, or

5280 feet)

3 miles .= 1 league

Linear Measures (special):

1000 mills = 1 inch

72 points = 1 inch

4 inches = 1 hand

7.92 inches = 1 surveyor's link

9 inches = 1 span

6 feet = 1 fathom

40 yards = 1 bolt (cloth)

10 chains = 1 furlong

6080.20 feet = 1 nautical mile = 1.1516 statute miles

Liquid Measure:

4 gills = 1 pint 2 pints = 1 quart 4 quarts = 1 gallon 31 1/2 gallons = 1 barrel 2 barrels = 1 hogshead

Paper Measure:

For small papers the old measure is still in use:

24 sheets = 1 quire

20 quires = 1 ream (480 sheets)

For papers put up in cases, bundles, or frames the following measure is now used:

25 sheets = 1 quire

20 quires = 1 standard ream (500 sheets) Square Measure:

144 square inches = 1 square foot 9 square feet = 1 square yard 30 1/4 square yards = 1 square rod or perch 160 square rods = 1 acre 640 acres = 1 square mile

36 square miles = 1 township (6 miles square) Surveyor's Measure:

7.92 inches = 1 link (Gunter's or surveyor's) 100 links = 1 chain ( - 66 feet) 80 chains = 1 mile Surveyor's Area Measure:

625 square links = 1 (square) pole or square rod

16 (square) pole3 =1 square chain (surveyor's)

10 square chains or 160 square rods = 1 acre 640 acres = 1 square mile

36 square miles = 1 township

Time Measure:

60 seconds = 1 minute 60 minutes = 1 hour 24 hours = 1 day 7 days = 1 week

365 days = 1 year

366 days = 1 leap year Troy Weight:

24 grains = 1 pennyweight

20 pennyweights = 1 ounce 12 ounces = 1 pound (Troy)

Carat (for precious stones) = 200 milligrams. The carat was formerly an ambiguous term having many values in various countries.

Karat (fineness of gold) = 1/24 (by weight) gold. For example, 24 karats fine = pure gold; 18 karats fine = 18/24 pure gold.